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The Third Great Race War: The Moors Invade Europe Spain under the Moors
The Journal of the Moorish Paradigm Homepage Blacked Out by White Wash p. 6
Moors. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 Moors and Arabs Muslim Spain and European Culture
The Moors Who were the Moors in Spain: Moorish Invasion
Empire of the Moors - African History - Origins of The Nation Brilliance of the Moors Moorish History
TUSPAIN - Travel - Fiestas of Spain - Moors & Christians All About Spain: History Moors - Sephardim and their History
Encyclopedia.com - Moors Cavalhadas Spanish's Arab Connection: Spanish Words Derived from Arabic
The Moors in Europe "Notes on Al-Andalus: A Search for Traces of Spain's Islamic Past
“Mitsawokett: The Moors of Delaware” W. African Civilizations The Electronic Passport to the Moors
Dr. Ivan Van Sertima The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy Muslim Scientists and Islamic Civilization
Correcting_Rewritten_History A DNA Test to Measure Racial Mix Italy - Italian Renaissance - Zoological studies
From Revolution to Reconstruction: Essays: Civilizations under ... African Presence in the Americas 1492 - 1992
MindStation X : Renaissance A History of Native American and African
African Moors and the European Renaissance www.10-10-50.org/indexhtml
Moors - Sephardim and their History
The future of africa-The future of africa is a nightmare Who were the Moors in Spain: Quotations on Moorish Civilization
HISTORY OF LATIN MUSIC Hispanic Magazine April 2000 Forum Honor Our African Roots
History Today: Brazil's African legacy.
Brother Ahmed Deedat talking about the names of God and Zulu http://jamaat.net/name/name2.html
THE ZULU CONCEPT
In our own country, South
Africa, the Zulus, a very virile and militant people - a nation akin to
the Qureish of pre- Islamic Arabia - have given a name to God Almighty -
UMVELINQANGI. This word when properly articulated in its own dialect,
sounds identical to the Arabic word Walla-hu-gani,
meaning - "And Allah is Rich" (Bounteous). It
also sounds like "Allegany" of the Red Indians
of North America (Remember their ALLEGANY mountain). The origin or real
meaning of the word "Allegany," is not commonly known to the American
people. But ask any Zulu as to who or what this UMvelinqangi is and he
will surely explain to you in Zulu:
HAWU UMNIMZANI! UYENA,
UMOYA OINGCWELE. AKAZALI YENA, FUTHI AKAZALWANGA; FUTHI, AKUKHO LUTMO
OLU FANA NAYE."
Believe me, this is almost a word for word translation of Sura Ikhlas,
Chapter 112 of the Holy Qur'an.
|
SAY: HE IS ALLAH THE
ONE AND ONLY; ALLAH, THE ETERNAL ABSOLUTE; HE BEGETTETH NOT, NOR IS HE BEGOTTEN: AND THERE IS NONE LIKE UNTO HIM. |
|
Holy Qur'an 112:1-4
ALMOST ISLAMIC
Now, compare the above verses with my free translation of what the Zulu actually said:
"Oh Sir! He is a pure and Holy Spirit, He does not beget and He is not begotten, and further there is nothing like Him."
Every African tribe, South of the Zambesi River, that is, in Southern Africa, have given different names to the Almighty - Tixo, Modimo, UNkulunkulu, etc., and each and every African language group will take pains to explain the same pure and holy concept as the Zulu. It is to the glory of the African nations that though they had no written languages, and hence no written records, therefore not being able to recount the names of their respective prophets, yet not a single one of the tribes ever stooped down to worshipping idols or images of either of men or animals, until the White man first introduced his religion and gave the African his anthropomorphic concept of God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Ghost, and brought the African down to bowing before the statues of Jesus, Mary, St. Joseph, St. Christopher and so on.
Out of the dozens of African tribes inhabiting this part of the world, not a single one of them ever made "Umfanegisos" (images) of their God. Yet they were capable of carving out of wood, elephants and lions, and reproducing men and women also, in clay. Besides, the Zulus also had some knowledge of metallurgy. When questioned an old Zulu as to the reason, why the Africans did not make Umfanegisos of their Gods, he replied, "How could we make images of Him (God Almighty) when we know that He is not like a man, He is not like a monkey, or an elephant or a snake: He is not like anything we can think of or imagine. He is a pure and Holy Spirit."
LIKE THE ARABS
This term, UMVELINQANGI, though well known to the Zulus, was not commonly used. Again they were like the pagan Qureish of Pre-Islamic Arabia who knew the name Allah, but passed Him by, because they felt that He was too High, too Pure, too Holy to be approached, so they went for their substitutary and imaginary gods - their Al- Lats, AI-Uzzas and Al-Manats and a hundred besides. The Zulus too would not call upon UMvelinqangi directly, but he was better than the Arab of the Ayyam-ul-jahiliyya (days of ignorance), because he did not go after false gods; he only invoked the spirits of his ancestors to intercede with UMvelinqangi on his behalf, exactly as the Catholics do in invoking the Virgin Mary and the Saints.
The more common term used by the Zulus for their God is UNKULUNKULU which literally means - the Greatest of the Great or the Mightiest of the Mighty (Almighty). More colloquially when taking oath, they would exclaim "INkosi phe-Zulu" meaning - the Lord Above (knows), or the God in Heaven (knows), or Heaven knows, that I am speaking the truth. The word "Zulu" in the language of the Zulu literally means High Heaven, and they consider themselves to be Superior to the numerous other tribes of Southern Africa, being in this respect like the Querish among the dwellers of the desert before Islam.
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IN THE NAME OF AMEN RA
WHO ARE THE UNIVERSAL ZULU KEMETIC MUURS
1.We are a group of individuals who love The Supreme Force, To whom is called by many names, but do not get caught up on trick knowledgy to kill other Humans Beings, because they call The Supreme Force by other names of Greatness or Divine.
2. We are individuals who stand on and strive for Right Knowledge, Right Wisdom, Right Understanding, Right Innerstanding for we can Overstand on Sound Right Reasoning. Factology versus Beliefs.
3.We are individuals who check out everything that’s anything and anything that’s everything.Whatever truths that you bring to us as truths, We The Universal Zulu Kemetic Muurs will check what you bring to us is facts, myths, or just straight out lies. We are thinkers, researchers, and doers of the Words. But we can have faults like any other Humans on this planet so called Earth.
4. We are into The Kemetic Mystery Schools of Thoughts as well as into whatever knowledge that is Infinite in our Universe and beyond to other Universes.
5. We respect all Beings seen or unseen as long as what is seen or unseen do not bring harm to any of our members. If any harm comes our way , we are taught to call on The Supreme Force Almighty Amen Ra (Allah) ect. Then to fight like a Being of Heaven to bring Hell upon whomever comes against Gods and Goddesses.
6. We wish Peace, Unity, Love, Truth, Respect, Freedom, Justice, Equality, Work, Fun, and a roof over your head with food to eat for all on Earth and in our Universe (Universes).
7. We are of The Great Universe that Almighty Amuun Ra, The Supreme Force Has made for all first. We are of The Great Zulus, The People of The Heavens second. We are of our Great People who came as the Nubians, Kemites of Kemet, who showed the world a Great civilization called Kemet with roots also in Atlantis and Lemuria. We know our story is bigger than Atlantis, Lemuria (MU), Kemet (Egypt) or any other Place on this planet so called Earth.
8. Our wisdom teaches us that wherever our people are at, we are at and know that something went wrong somewhere in time on this planet so called Earth and that many Humans were put under a spell of ignorance (sleep) to be blind, death and dumb to His-story, My-story, Our-story, Misery not knowing who they are or who stole their knowledge and their Souls.
9. We The Universal Zulu Kemetic Muurs are in your world so called Earth, but not of your world-that our Mind is Infinite as The Supreme Force Infinite Self. All Praise Due To The Supreme Force, To Whom is call by many names
Atum Amen Ra Ptah Allah.
10. We give respect to where respect is due at all times and try not to judge, because we all will be judge by The Supreme Force, when that right time comes.
11. We know that all Major Religions on this planet so called Earth all took knowledge from the Great Kemet to create their religions but never give credit due back to The Ancient of Ancients, Kemet their foundation of what they stand on today.
12. We recognize all Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Kemet just as your recognize The 99 Attributes Names of Allah or any of the other names that leads up to the Great Supreme Force of All The Worlds.
This is just a touch of who we are of The Universal Zulu Kemetic Muurs
All Praise Is Due To Allah (Amun Ra)
The Lord Of All The Worlds
Islam Moors (Muurs)
The Fez is worn as a symbol of the womb. The top of it has a nipple like shape that symbolizes the navel. The strands of the tassle are 360, as in 360 degrees of knowledge. The tassle is not pinned down as it is in the secret societies. Properly, one who is born of the womb he/she begins to navigate upon the earth, and is endowed with 360 degrees of knowledge that is not pinned down, or kept secret, however it is sacred. Even the 4 sets of breathing holes, if you count them equal to the number of wombman, a 9. One set I believe adds up to 13, the number of times a woman cycles per year.
Summitted by Sister RV Bey
The following is an explanation, found in "Lesson Book Number1", by Taj Tarik Bey of the Moors Order Of The Roundtable:
Fez: The National Headdress of the Asiatic Moorish Nation Of North, South and Central Al Morocs (Americas), including the adjoining Islands.
The Fez is red felt, with an indigo black tassel. Fez: The Headdress of the Ancient Ones - The Moabite/ Moors - also spelled - Muur. It is geometrically formed to represent the eternal Zodiac. The BODY at the FEZ symbolizes the WOMB of the COSMOS and the WOMB of WOMAN - MOTHER. The 1 inch FINIAL which extends out of the center of the FEZ is the NUMBER 1 and the 9th letter in the Phonetic Moorish alphabet -- I. This also symbolizes the NAVEL (Eye).
The cord extending from the I (Eye) symbolizes the Universal
Umbilical Cord
of Universal Umbilical cord of Universal Life
and
represents the Oneness of all life. It also represents the tie to the source
of Humanity
-
ZUDIACUS
-
the FIRST
WOMAN.
The Circular (round) ball of the tassel represents the MUNDANE CIRCLE or
EARTH. The cord wrapped about the tassel strands, hold the form of the
Circle arid represent the Unity of Life through the Zodiac Constitution of
Humanity. It also represents the Cyclical and reciprocal nature of Life.
The STRANDS of the TASSEL represent the 360
DEGREES of
the ZODIAC... The highest LAW arid AUTHORITY in
CIVILIZATION.
The ZODIAC
CROWN
OF LIGHT the National Headdress of the MOTHERS
and
FATHERS of the HUMAN FAMILY FOUNDERS of CIVILIZATION, AND MASTERS of the
COSMOS SCIENCE. 3RD 33RD AND
360
Degree
MASTER MASONS
and EASTERN STARS. This is a part of the hidden
truth
which
has been buried in the dark corner of the NORTH GATE. The
FEZ
-
symbol of
the
Eternal Zodiac is
also called a
tarbush, a Tiara, a Corona Sol and other names, which
describe its
Royal
Status.
BRO. TAJ TARIK BEY,
SON OF A WIDOW,
MOORS ORDER OF THE ROUNDTABLE
THE ANCIENT OF THE ANCIENTS KEMET (EGYPT)
(LAND OF THE BLACK PEOPLE)
Dr Edward Scobie: African Presence in Early Britian: Dominica political figure
CUBAN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF AFRICAN ORIGIN African Americans - Black Indians
Black Thorn Manifesto by Hakim Bey Moorish Tag Day Update Our Latino Legacy
Race Relations and the Denial of African Heritage Henry the Navigator www.alternet.org/story/15154/
www.blacksandjews.com/Quotes_and_Facts.html www.divine-design.net/blackstonian/dreaditorial.html
www.afromerica.com/knowledge/justice/system/sentencehim.php www.seeingblack.com/
www.stayfreemagazine.org/archives/19/fbi.html www.angelfire.com/geek/APRACE/glossary.html
www.angelfire.com/mo2/blackmormon/000H6.html http://100777.com/ brneurosci.org/smallpox.html
www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/cointel.htm www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lynching/lynching.htm
www.danielnpaul.com/TheRealThanksgiving.html www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/smallpox1.html
www.trinicenter.com/WorldNews/ghandi5.htm www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/bpp/
www.chazznet.net/News/newsview.htm www.godonthe.net/wasblack.htm
"The Great Meeting of the Zulu Kemetic Moors
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
MEMORANDUM-46
MARCH 17, 1978
Interdepartmental Review
Memorandum NSCM-46
TO: The Secretary of State
The Secretary of Defense
The Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT: Black Africa and the U.S. Black Movement
The President has directed that a comprehensive review be made of current developments in Black Africa from the point of view of their possible impacts on the black movement in the United States. The review should consider:
(signed)
Zbigniew Brezinski
cc: The Secretary of the Treasury
The Secretary of Commerce
The Attorney General
The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff
NATIONAL
SECURITY COUNCIL
INTERDEPARTMENTAL GROUP FOR AFRICA
STUDY RESPONSE TO PRESIDENTIAL SECURITY
REVIEW MEMORANDUM 1 NSCM-46
BLACK AFRICA AND THE U.S. BLACK MOVEMENT
I. (most text blacked out) . . .and whose importance for the United States is on the increase.
II. A. U.S. INTERESTS IN BLACK AFRICA A multiplicity of interests influences the U.S. attitude toward black Africa. The most important of these interests can be summarized as follows:
1. POLITICAL If black African states assume attitudes hostile to the U.S. national interest, our policy toward the white regimes; which is a key element in our relations with the black states, may be subjected by the latter to great pressure for fundamental change. Thus the West may face a real danger of being deprived of access to the enormous raw material resources of southern Africa which are vital for our defense needs as well as losing control over the Cape sea routes by which approximately 65% of Middle Eastern oil is supplied to Western Europe. Moreover, such a development may bring about internal political difficulties by intensifying the activity of the black movement in the United States itself. It should also be borne in mind that black Africa is an integral part of a continent here tribal and regional discord, economic backwardness, inadequate infrastructures, drought, and famine, are constant features of the scene. In conjunction with the artificial borders imposed by the former colonial powers, guerilla warfare in Rhodesia and widespread indignation against apartheid in South Africa, the above factors provide the communist states with ample opportunities for furthering their aims. This must necessarily redound to the detriment of U.S. political interests.
2. ECONOMIC Black Africa is increasingly becoming an outlet for U.S. exports and investment. The mineral resources of the area continue to be of great value for the normal functioning of industry in the United States and allied countries. In 1977, U.S. direct investment in black Africa totaled about $1.8 billion and exports $2.2 billion. New prospect of substantial profits would continue to develop in the countries concerned.
IV. BLACK AFRICA AND THE U.S. BLACK MOVEMENT Apart from the above-mentioned factors adverse to U.S. strategic interests, the nationalist liberation movement in black Africa can act as a catalyst with far reaching effects on the American black community by stimulating its organizational consolidation and by inducing radical actions. Such a result would be likely as Zaire went the way of Angola and Mozambique. An occurrence of the events of 1967-68 would do grievous harm to U.S. prestige, especially in view of the concern of the present Administration with human rights issues. Moreover, the Administration would have to take specific steps to stabilize the situation. Such steps might be misunderstood both inside and outside the United States.
In order to prevent such a trend and protect U.S. national security interests, it would appear essential to (text missing) African Nationalist Movement.
In elaborating U.S. policy toward black Africa, due weight must be given to the fact that there are 25 millions American blacks whose roots are African and who consciously or subconsciously sympathies with African nationalism.
The living conditions of the black population should also be taken into account. Immense advances in the field are accompanied by a long-lasting high rate of unemployment, especially among the youth and by poverty and dissatisfaction with government social welfare standards. These factors taken together may provide a basis for joint actions of a concrete nature by the African nationalist movement and the U.S. black community. Basically, actions would take the form of demonstrations and public protests, but the likelihood of violence cannot be excluded.There would also be attempts to coordinate their political activity both locally and in international organizations.
Inside the United States these actions could include protest demonstrations against our policy toward South Africa accompanied by demand for boycotting corporations and banks which maintain links with that country; attempts to establish a permanent black lobby in Congress including activist leftist radical groups and black legislators; the reemergence of Pan-African ideals; resumption of protest marches recalling the days of Martin Luther King;renewal of the extremist idea national idea of establishing an "African Republic" on American soil. Finally, leftist radical elements of the black community could resume extremist actions in the style of the defunct Black Panther Party.
Internationally, damage could be done to the United States by coordinated activity of African states designed to condemn U.S. policy toward South Africa, and initiate discussions on the U.S. racial issue at the United Nations where the African representation constitutes a powerful bloc with about one third of all the votes.
A menace to U.S. economic interests, though not a critical one, could be posed by a boycott by Black African states against American companies which maintain contact with South Africa and Rhodesia. If the idea of economic assistance to black Americans shared by some African regimes could be realized by their placing orders in the United States mainly with companies owned by blacks, they could gain a limited influence on the U.S. black community.
In the above context, we must envisage the possibility, however remote, that black Americans interested in African affairs may refocus their attention on the Arab-Israeli conflict. Taking into account; the African descent of American blacks it is reasonable to anticipate that their sympathies would lie with the Arabs who are closer to them in spirit and in some case related to them by blood. Black involvement in lobbying to support the Arabs may lead to serious dissention between American black and Jews. The likelihood of extremist actions by either side is negligible, but . . . .(Text cut)
3. Political Options In the context of long-term strategy, the United States can not afford a radical change in the fundamentals of its African policy, which is designed for maximum protection of national security. In the present case, emphasis is laid on the importance of Black Africa for U.S. political, economic and military interests.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In weighing the range of U.S. interests in Black Africa, basic recommendations arranged without intent to imply priority are:
In connection with our African policy, it is highly important to evaluate correctly the present state of the Black movement in the Untied States and basing ourselves on all available information, to try to devise a course for its future development. Such an approach is strongly suggested by our perception of the fact that American Blacks form a single ethnic group potentially capable of causing extreme instability in our strategy toward South Africa. This may lead to critical differences between the United States and Black Africa in particular. It would also encourage the Soviet Union to step up its interference in the region. Finally, it would pose a serious threat to the delicate structure of race relations within the United States. All the above considerations give rise to concern for the future security of the United States.
Since the mid-1960s, when legislation on the human rights was passed and Martin Luther King murdered, federal and local measures to improve black welfare have been taken, as a result of which the U.S. black movement has undergone considerable changes.
The principle changes are as follows:
-Social and economic issues have supplanted political aims as the main
preoccupations of the movement. ( ) actions formerly planned on a
nationwide scale are now being organized locally.
-Fragmentation and a lack of organizational unity within movement.
-Sharp social stratification of the Black population and lack of policy
options which could reunite them.
-Want of a national leader of standing comparable to Martin Luther King.
B. THE RANGE OF POLICY OPTIONS The concern for the future security of the United States makes necessary the range of policy options. Arranged without intent imply priority they are:
(a) to enlarge programs, within the framework of the present budget, for the improvement of the social and economic welfare of American Blacks in order to ensure continuing development of present trends in the Black movement;
(b) to elaborate and bring into effect a special program designed to perpetuate division in the Black movement and neutralize the most active groups of leftist radical organizations representing different social strata of the Black community: to encourage division in Black circles;
(c) to preserve the present climate which inhibits the emergence from within the Black leadership of a person capable of exerting nationwide appeal;
(d) to work out and realize preventive operations in order to impede durable ties between U.S Black organizations and radical groups in African states;
(e) to support actions designed to sharpen social stratification in the Black community which would lead to the widening and perpetuation of the gap between successful educated Blacks and the poor, giving rise to growing antagonism between different Black groups and a weakening of the movement as a whole;
(f) to facilitate the greatest possible expansion of Black business by granting government contracts and loans with favorable terms to Black businessmen;
(g) to take every possible means through the AFL-CIO leaders to counteract the increasing influence of Black labor organizations which function in all major unions and in particular, the National Coalition of Black Trade Union and its leadership including the creation of real preference for adverse and hostile reaction among White trade unionists to demands for improvement of social and economic welfare of the Blacks;
(h) to support the nomination at federal and local levels of loyal Black public figures to elective offices, to government agencies and the Court. This would promote the achievement of a twofold purpose: first, it would be easier to control the activity of loyal black representatives within existing institution; second, the idea of an independent black political party now under dicussion within black leadership circles would soon lose all support
The Origins of African
Country Names or What They Mean
http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/africa.htm
Algeria - Named after the capital city Algiers or Al-Jazair ("The Island")
in Arabic. A reference to the small islands that once dotted the bay of the
city.
Angola - When Portuguese mariner Diego Cao landed at the mouth of the Congo
River in 1483, two distinct Kingdoms ruled the region. The Kingdom of the
Bakongo reigned in the north. The Quimbundos Kingdom, also known as Ndongo,
dominated in the western and central areas. The king of the Quimbundos was
called "Ngola". The region, taking its name from the king, became Angola.
Benin - (Formerly Dahomey) named after the ancient Nigerian Kingdom of
Benin. The former name Dahomey, pronounced Dan Ho Me ("on the belly of Dan")
was an ancient
Kingdom located in the south of what is modern-day Benin Republic.
Botswana - A name used to collectively describe the Tswana, the country's
dominant ethnic group. Formerly known as Bechuanaland, Bechauna being an
alternative spelling for Botswana.
Burkina Fasso - Mossi for "Land of Incorruptible Men" was changed to this
from Upper Volta in 1984. Upper Volta reffered to its geographical location
in relation to the Volta river.
Burundi - Derives from Rundi (Kirundi) the language universally spoken
throughout Burundi.
Cameroon (also Cameroun in French) - The name is derived from Rio de
Camarões (the River of Prawns) the name given to River Wouri by Portuguese
Explorers in the 15th century.
Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) - Named after the westernmost point in mainland
Africa. The nearest point on the continent to this Island Nation.
Central African Republic - It's in Central Africa! Africa is believed to
have originated from either the Latin word aprica ("Sunny") or greek aphrike
("without cold") and originally applied to North Africa. However as Europe
discovered the extent of continental Africa, the term came to match its
modern day usage.
Chad - The name appears to derive from the Lake which forms it South-Western
border with Nigeria.
Comoros - The name "Comoros" is derived from the Arabic kamar or kumr,
meaning "moon," although this name was first applied by Arab geographers to
Madagascar. It was adopted by French Colonialists to describe the Islands.
Congo - Named after the 15th Kingdom of Kongo which thrived on both banks of
the River Congo, extending into Modern day Congo, Congo DR, Angola and
Zambia.
Congo DR - As Above. Also formerly known as Zaire a traditional local name
for River Congo.
Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) - The Reference by European traders to the
availabiilty of Ivory Tusks.
Djibouti - (Fomerly Territory of the Afars and Issas) Named after the Port
capital.
Egypt - Direct geographical descendent of Ancient Egypt.
Equatorial Guinea - Guinea derives from the berber word aguinaw, or gnawa
("black man"), which Berbers (Nomadic Saharan Peoples) have used to describe
most of West Africa.
Eritrea - The Latin phrase Mare Erythraeum ("Red Sea") was used by Italy to
describe its colonies in the horn of Africa. This later became Eritrea and
was adopted by the country on independence from Ethiopia.
Ethiopia - Direct geographical descendent of Ancient Ethiopia.
Gabon - Gabon's first European visitors were Portuguese traders who arrived
in the 15th century and subsequent Portuguese references refered to it as
Gabon after the Portuguese word gabao, a coat with sleeves and hood
resembling the shape of the Como River estuary, where they first explored.
Gambia - Named after the River Gambia which flows through the Country.
Ghana - Named after the Ancient West African Kingdom of Ghana. See Ancient
Ghana.
Guinea - See Equatorial Guinea.
Guinea-Bissau - See Equatorial Guinea.
Kenya - Named after the mountain of the same name. and this in turn derives
it name from The Kikuyu, who refer to the mountain as Kirinyaga, or
Kere-Nyaga ("Mountain of Whiteness").
Lesotho - Named after the Sotho People, the dominant Ethnic Group. Formerly
known as Basutoland.
Liberia - Derived from the Latin word liber ("Free") - Reference to the
return of Freed American Slaves who founded the modern Republic of Liberia.
Libya - In 1934, Italy adopted the name "Libya" (used by the ancient Greeks
for all of North Africa, except Egypt) as the official name of their new
colony, which consisted of the
Provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan.
Madagascar - The origin of the Madagascar is uncertain, some people believe
the European Traveller Marco Polo (who never visted the island) confused it
with Mogadishu in present - day Somalia. Hence Early reference to the Island
as Madeigascar or Mogelasio, this eventually became Madagascar about the
16th centruty. Others believe that the Madagascar may be a local reference
to the "Country of Malagasy". However, the Kings of Malagasy tended to refer
to the whole Island by "Izao will rehetra izao " or " Izao tontolo izao
("this entire country").
Malawi - Derived from Marawi - A confederacy of states that existed in the
area of present day Malawi.
Mali - Named after the ancient West African Kingdom of Mali. See Ancient
Mali.
Mauritania - The name is derived from Spanish description of the area as the
land of the Moors, a term used to describe Arab rulers of Southern Spain. It
was also the name of an ancient Berber Kingdom.
Mauritius - The island was named in honor of Prince Maurice of Nassau by
Dutch explorers. The French claimed Mauritius in 1715 and renamed it Ile de
France. In 1810, Mauritius was captured by the British and renamed back to
Mauritius.
Mayotte - Most of the people are Moharais of Malagasy origin. Mayotte(French),
Maore or Mahore(Comoran) describes the land of the Moharais.
Morocco - Direct geographical descendent of Ancient Morocco.
Mozambique - Named after Mouzinho de Alburquerque , 19th Century Portuguese
colonalist who put down nationalist rebellions in the territory and thus
established effective Portuguese control.
Namibia - derived from the Namib, the desert that runs along the namibia
coast. Namib in turn means "an area where there is nothing" in the local
Nama language.
Niger - Derived from the River Niger, and meaning Black in Latin.
Nigeria - Meaning the Area of the Niger. As Above
I see some of you are interested in the origin of the
name 'Nigeria'.
It was defined below in the following:
Nigeria - Meaning the Area of the Niger.
I will add the following:
A river was discovered where it was forming at the foot of the Futa Jalon
Mountains in Sierra Leone by the English explorer named Mungo Park. Because
of the dark coloration imparted by fallen dead leaves in the young river,
Mungo Park named the river 'black' river.
He used the Latin word, niger, for black instead.
Thus, the Niger River was born. And at the time of the almalgation, to Lord
Lugard (or Lady Lugard), Nigeria was, simply, the land through which the
Niger River flowed. Thus, Nigeria has nothing to do with the word 'nigger',
which a derogatory word to decribe negroes.
Negro, itself, is derived from the Portuguese or Spanish word for black,
'negro'.
THE NEGRO AND THE SARDINE
BY ELIHU N. PLEASANT BEY
THE NEGRO And THE SARDINE
(A Moorish Analogy) The political and social metamorphosis of West African
Moors made into American Negro, Black, Colored and today’s African American
(NBC) Slaves is very analogous to how Sardines are made. There are many
species of small fish indigenous to the great Seas of the Earth and The
Great God created them all. Yet, there is not one fish in any of the seas
named “Sardine”! Like the NBC, these especial fish are not labeled
“Sardines” until captured, processed and canned by men. A trivia research
shows the brand name “Sardine” derived from Sardinia, an Italian Island in
the Mediterranean Sea. The word “Sardine” actually refers to many groups of
small fishes. Pilchards, Sprats and Atlantic Herrings, (mostly young
herrings), are the primary fishes which make the array of
food fish called “Sardines”. Pending where they are caught the fish are then
denationalized, commercialized and advertised as South African Sardine,
Pacific Sardine and (of course) European Sardine. Young Herrings, which only
grow from 9 to 12 inches, are packed without heads or tails. Naturally,
being without head and tail, who can trace the past status or future of the
fish? Consequently, without these identifications, “Sardine” is what they
are called now! There are a variety of packaging operandi to the finale
which people call “Sardines”. They are often smoked, packed in oil, water,
mustard or hot sauce, etc. Either way, the result is the true identity of
the fish is legally concealed from the public under the marketing label
“Sardines”. Speaking about the general public…not many people notice there
is Tuna in cans of Tuna, Salmon in cans of Salmon and Mackerel in cans of
Mackerel. BUT! What on Earth (that was once in the sea) is in cans of
Sardines? So how does the Negro fit into all this? As The Great God did not
create ‘Sardines’ nor placed them in the sea, like so, The Creator did not
create ‘Negroes’, ‘Indians’, ‘Chicanos’, ‘Blacks’, ‘White Folks’, ‘Latinos’,
‘Colored People’ or ‘African Americans’ nor place them on the Earth. The
many Moorish Nationals in today’s Western Hemisphere are a caucus of
Nations, Tribes and Countries of the Ancient Moorish Empire of Northwestern
and Southwestern shores of Africa; direct Descendants of Old Man Ham. All
Members of the Human Family are indigenous to the Earth by divine origin.
These West Africans did not become Negro, Blacks and Colored People until
the advent of slavery in the Americas and associated “Slave Breaking
Islands” in the Atlantic. As a paradigm, ‘Sardines’ and ‘Negroes’ are evil
brand names and labels, placed upon deities captured in garbs of flesh,
which would otherwise be autonomous in their true state and natural status.
Tragically, whereas many seaside countries produce and export Sardines from
their nationalized Fishing Industries, the so-called “NBC” People are made
only in America. Negroes are never imported. And whether they are exported
by way of The United States Military, or her Businesses, for her Schools,
Churches, and Sports or spurious pleasures and vacations the Negro, mass
produced in America, will go and return still in the same psychological
“NBC” cans of slavery from which they departed. The term “Black People” is a
misnomer identifying a programmed and processed People. In the computer
world a person learns the greatest of programs are limited to the capacity
of the computer’s memory. “Mental Slavery” is when the Soul or thinking
faculties of Man, that consist of divine gifts of thinking, reasoning,
willing, understanding and remembrance has been minimized into an unnatural
state to function centripetally against it’s true God Self. Man’s mind is
not capable of forgetfulness but his future is limited by his recorded
history. It is in the nature of the mind to become what it thinks. And since
the State Officials of their birth have certified the African Descendants
born in America,, to be either Negro, Black or Colored they remain
complacent in a feigned Citizen status to the United States. There is very
little distinction between the Negro and the Sardine. This is because unlike
countless Sardines, which are decapitated and canned, it is the head (mind)
of the Africans that has been bound, processed and canned. Rarely do the NBC
look deep enough into his mind to see The Self as the very image of God. As
the tail of the Sardine is removed, so is the true history of the West
African Nationals. Now neither the fish nor the man can be properly
identified without head or tail. This mental canning process takes place in
the United States Judicial Industries on a conveyer belt called the
Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th and 15th). Through the powers of the
14th Amendment the head of the African remains physically attached although
his true history and future are severed by the misnomers “NBC” that is
hidden in the deceptive words “All Persons Born …”. Hence, they never
realize their personage has been certified to be that of a slave since
birth.
The canning and misnaming of herrings and the certified misidentification
and denationalization of the West African Moors are too similar to ignore.
Birth Certifications are authorized by the states wherein all persons
(commercial properties) are born or reside”. All one has to do is read the
14th Amendment and their State-issued Certificate of Live Birth. If the
latter has Negro, Black or Colored sanctioned by the State’s Seal…chances
are, immediately after their divine birth, they had been processed to be a
Slave. This is the beginning of the “Canning Operandi” to the finale of
today’s so-called “African Americans”. It matters very little whether they
were labeled N, B or C, or Afro, or Coon, etc. The one free National Name
has been concealed under the grand marketing label of “American Citizen”.
Needfultosay, no NBC can ever be a first class citizen to any Nation because
NBC were/are names given to U.S. Slaves, in the U.S. and for the U.S. The
great Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision sustained this as a perpetual fact
of law. This is why the 14th Amendment is an Ex post facto Law, hoax and a
sham that pretends to suddenly transform Negro Slaves into U. S. Citizens.
Or, is that making Herrings into Sardines? All true and sacred records
reveal it is the Great God alone that makes Men and Fishes. But being in a
likeness of God, it is in the power of man to make slaves of other men and
Sardines of Sprats and Pilchards. The canning of Sardines and the
Denationalization Processing of the African descendants, like a bad beat, is
still going on! And On! And On! Nevertheless, the carnal customs of Man does
not alter the nature of truth. Like the powerful aroma steeped from the
deaths of millions of Herrings under the disguise of “Sardines”, anyone can
sense there is an ungodly stench cast off from the same people acting as
Coloreds in the 40’s, Negroes in the 50’s, Blacks in the 60’s, Afro in the
70’s, Afro-Americans (Nubians, Bilalians) Blacks in the 80’s then African
Americans in the 90’s. Do these Man-made Marketing Labels likewise serve the
same identifying purposes as the various brand names of sardines? Know, not
withstanding, no one has a lasting power to change Man from his descendant
nature. Still, it is in the nature of the mind to become what it thinks. And
the Man who thinks he is NBC can never attain a free national status because
of his mind has been processed to the limitations of property. As the vision
of a Goldfish is confined to the jurisdiction of its aquarium, the thought
pattern of the Negro cannot think beyond its blackness. Without a doubt,
these misnomers are concealing the one and only Free National Name to a
Clean and Pure Nation of people. This hallowed Name of the Ex-slaves has
been known esoterically for 135 years. It is now the greatest secret kept in
America to date. Yet, it cannot be denied in 1865 the U.S. Congressional
13th Amendment brought forth on this Continent the Nationality of a 2nd new
Nation. From finite and infinite points of view, the judicial question must
again rise from the dust: Without removing its head and tail can a Herring
be a Sardine? Without proclaiming his proper status by his and her one free
National Name, can a Negro be a Citizen of any Government? Hummm. There is
something mighty, mighty fishy going on in The United States. By Elihu N.
Pleasant-Bey, Author of The Biography of Noble Drew Ali / The Exhuming Of A
Nation www.pleasantbey.net or e-mail: drewali@pleasantbey.net
A BLUEPRINT TO CREATE THE AFRICAN/BLACK WORLD RENAISSANCE
As the first born of Creation, and the first loved of the Heavenly Father Heru, African people naturally possess the Birthright of the first born. However, along with that Birthright comes great responsibility. A part of that responsibility is to empower ourselves to be able to enlighten our younger sibling members of the human race. For the gifts of God to humanity, both the biological gift of human life, and the spiritual gift of a Heavenly Father (the soul of Heru) entered into the world through African people. Thus true African spirituality will help us to realize and appreciate the gifts of God to humanity from the soul of Heru to the soul of Jesus, from the prophecies of our Hamitic/Cushite Ethiopian ancestors and the prophecies of the Great Pyramid to the Ethiopian Hebrew prophets. Once we understand all of that, we should then realize that God has one more gift to give to humanity that must also enter into the world through African for the benefit of all humanity. That gift is a new educational system called the Morning Star--designed to educate man back toward the God that created him, and toward truly understanding the god that the soul of man truly is as its on deliverer and redeemer--Africa's final and everlasting gift to humanity (Revelation 21:3).
Monday, June 28, 2004
Posted: 1:42 PM EDT (1742 GMT)
BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) -- Members of Iraq's interim government took an oath of office Monday just hours after the United States returned the nation's sovereignty, two days ahead of schedule.
Led by Iraq's interim Prime Minister Ayad Allawi, each member of the new government placed a hand on the Koran and promised to serve with sincerity and impartiality. Iraqi flags lined the wall behind them.
Allawi called national unity "a sacred duty" and called for the international community, including Arab nations, "to work together to handle problems in the area in a civilized manner."
"We will not forget who stood by and against us," Allawi said at the swearing in ceremony, a clear warning to insurgents trying to topple the government.
But, he said, "the transformation from dictatorship to civil society" is "a major task" likely to take many years.
At a NATO summit in Turkey on Monday, President Bush said it was a day of "great hope for Iraqis."
"After decades of brutal rule by a terror regime, the Iraqi people have their country back," Bush said. The handover "begins a new phase in Iraq's progress toward full democracy."
POSITIVELY BLACK
By Junious Ricardo Stanton
The Power Behind The Haitian Revolution
"Voodoo was the medium of the conspiracy. In spite of all prohibitions, the
slaves travelled miles to sing and dance and practise the rites and talk and
now since the revolution, to hear the political news and make their plans.
Boukman, a Papaloi or High Priest, a gigantic Negro was the leader. He was
the headman of a plantation and followed the political situation both among
the whites and the Mulattoes." The Black Jacobins by C.L.R. James page 86
As we celebrate Black history Month and mark the two hundredth anniversary
of the Haitian revolution let us not merely marvel at the fact courageous,
determined strong willed Africans fought for twelve long years against
French colonists, a Spanish invasion, a British military force of 60,000
men, another French contingent of over 60,000 men under the leadership of
Napoleon Bonaparte's brother in law and contended with the political
intrigue and duplicity of the United States of AmeriKKKa to win and maintain
their freedom. Let's not just cheer the memory of those brave souls who
expelled the barbaric Europeans, or honor those Africans on that island
whose bravery and valor sparked hope in the hearts of their brethren
scattered throughout the hemisphere. Let us not detach Haiti from ourselves
and merely consign what these heroic men and women did to the bowels of
dusty history books. Let us also believe in ourselves that we too possess
the power to transform our reality. Let's believe we too can achieve
liberation in our time. Instead of just cheering the Haitians'
accomplishments, let us examine the Haitian freedom struggle to glean how
and why they were so immensely successful. Saint Dominique as it was called
then was the richest colony in the west Indies single handedly providing
France with massive wealth. It was the envy of all the other European
imperialist nations. Was the success of the Haitian revolution purely the
result of the overwhelming numbers of Africans, despite Europeans having
greater numbers of superior weapons? Were the Africans successful because of
their leadership, despite the fact they were spread out all over the island?
Did the Africans win because they fought a guerilla, hit and run' slash and
burn style war? How did the slaves, Maroons and Mulattoes coalesce into a
cohesive fighting force despite the divide and conquer MO of the Europeans?
Did France lose because it was fighting on too many fronts at one time, in
the Caribbean and Europe? (Could AmeriKKKa learn lessons from both France
and England in this regard?) Or were there other factors at work? As bold a
leader and tactician as Toussaint L'Ouverture was, as strong willed and
unmerciful as Jean-Jacques Dessalines was, as determined as Henri Christophe
was; is it possible there was another factor, another power that enabled and
ennobled those Africans to fight and win against overwhelming odds and
materiel. Was it the result of the Europeans being ravaged by the heat,
mosquitoes and yellow fever as some suggest? Or did the French just get
their behinds kicked royally by determined Africans, Mulattoes and Maroons?
We need to look at that revolution with an open mind, search for the common
denominator, the factor or factors that enabled the leaders of the Haitian
revolution to unify and rally the Africans on Saint Dominique to humiliate,
defeat and expel the imperialist powers of Europe so much so they still hate
them to this very day.
Could the power of Voodoo and the Papaloi, the High Voodoo Priest, have been
the X factor that galvanized the masses and served as the glue that held the
early revolution together? By all accounts in the beginning of the
revolution it was the Papaloi Boukman who inspired the masses and urged them
on by exhorting them to cast off the god of the oppressor and embrace their
own African concept of deity, justice and victory. We would do well to study
and meditate upon Boukman's words and apply them in our daily lives. 'The
god who created the sun which gives us light, who rouses the waves and rules
the storm, though hidden in the clouds he watches us. He sees all the white
man does. The god of the white man inspires him with crime but our god calls
upon us to do good works. Our god who is good to us orders us to revenge our
wrongs. He will direct our arms and aid us. Throw away the symbol of the god
of the whites who has so often caused us to weep and listen to the voice of
liberty, which speaks in the hearts of us all." - The Black Jacobins C.L.R.
James page 87. Many of our best thinkers have told us how psychologically
debilitating and self-sabotaging it is for us to internalize the images,
iconography and conceptualization of an anthropomorphic god that is the
spitting image, psychology and behavior of our oppressors. Stop and think
about this, their idea of god told Joshua the leader of the Hebrews to
slaughter all the men, women, children and livestock of the people who
inhabited "the promised land". Here we see the precedent of Eurasians
claiming their god commanded them to kill and expropriate other people's
lands after having commanded them not to kill, covet and steal among other
things. Sounds like their god is a bit schizophrenic to me. Recently George
W Bush said his god told him to invade Iraq?!!
By all accounts Toussaint L'Ouverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henri
Christophe were capable tacticians and generals but the Maroons fought the
French to a standstill before the revolution. There was anger and a fervor
for freedom on the part of Africans throughout the hemisphere way before the
AmeriKKKan or French Revolutions. Africans in the New World rumbled fiercely
against their European captures/oppressors everywhere they were, including
North AmeriKKKa; so what was it that prompted the Haitian revolution in
1791? In reviewing the most resilient and successful campaigns against
European hegemony by the masses in Haiti, the Maroons in Jamaica, the
Palmares and Quilombos in South America and the Black and Native American
Seminoles in the Southern portion of the US, one common factor was they all
retained some of their African culture and ways. They knew who they were and
refused to acquiesce their humanity or their freedom. Looking at our
situation today we seem to have capitulated and internalized the Europeans
specious ideas about African and Africans. Perhaps it is time we regrouped
and took a page from the Haitians, Maroons, Palmares and Seminoles book; if
we have to go out, at least go out like authentic African warriors rather
than chumps, punks, caricatures or pathetic melanin imitators of our
oppressors.
The Real Haiti Dilemma
By Kwaku Person-Lynn, Ph.D.
The significance of the Republic of Haiti goes far beyond anything
currently reported in the news. It is almost an unwritten code by America
and France that Haiti remains destabilized and the poorest country in the
Western Hemisphere. Its anguish began with the first European contact by
Columbus in 1492. Within a 25 year period after his arrival, the
indigenous
Arawak of Haiti virtually disappeared under Spanish genocide. It is no
coincidence that 2004 is the 200 year celebration of Haiti's independence
(1804), and the same year a democratically elected president,
Jean-Bertrand
Aristide, was forcefully removed by American military.
The sequence of events started on France soil. The French Revolution of
1789 involved almost all of Europe, but ironically inspired slave
rebellions
all over the Caribbean. In Haiti, there was an extra incentive created by
a
law passed in the National Assembly of France entitled the "Declaration of
the Rights of Man." This guaranteed citizenship to people of color. Haiti,
then called Saint Dominque, was France's wealthiest producing colony. The
wealth was generated from a plantation system based on the labor of
enslaved
Afrikans. Beneficiaries of the wealth were mainly French planters and gens
de couleur of African and French descent, Creoles. Its main crops were
sugar
cane, cocoa, cotton, and coffee.
When France reneged on its promise, rebellions began. This sparked a
multifaceted thirteen year revolution. The planters wanted independence
from
France, the free Creoles wanted full citizenship, while the enslaved
Afrikans wanted freedom. The dominating equation is that Afrikans
outnumbered all the other groups reaching approximately one half million.
In August 22, 1791, what ultimately became known as the "Haitian
Revolution," was ignited by an enormous slave revolt led by a high priest
named Boukman. General Toussaint L'Ouverture of Haiti, a former slave,
fought with Spain and Britain against the French until they abolished
slavery. He then switched sides and fought with the French believing this
would help bring freedom and independence. Other Haitian Afrikan leaders
figured prominently and maybe more importantly, generals Jacques
Dessalines
and Henri Christophe. Haiti was beginning to function as an independent
state, much to the displeasure of the French elite.
In 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte, self-described Emperor of France, set out to
restore order in his wealthiest colony by dispatching General Leclerc, his
brother-in-law, along with thirty thousand of his best troops to arrest
Toussaint, reinstate slavery, and restore French rule. This turned out to
be
Napoleon's greatest tactical error. His troops were bitterly defeated. As
a
result, on January 1, 1804, Dessalines declared the nation independent,
under its indigenous given name of Haiti ('higher place'), thus, making it
the first black republic in the world and the first independent nation in
Latin America.
This brings us to the central point why western nations of European
descent
withhold loans from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to
Haiti and keep it destabilized through three decades of dictatorship and a
current head of state who as been overthrown two times. The real hidden
issue, the West is never going to forgive this tiny Black nation defeating
a
powerful European nation that dispatched its best troops, and then had the
gall to form their own independent government in the Western Hemisphere.
Haiti represented a potent example of successful Black power. The fallout
of
France's defeat had international implications.
Plantation owners in the United States feared the worst. Afrikans in Haiti
destroyed some 200 sugar plantations, 600 coffee plantations, 220 indigo
and
cotton plantations and killed most of the Europeans (Dr. Edward Scobie).
If
it could happen in Haiti, it could happen on their plantations. President
Thomas Jefferson enacted an economic embargo against Haiti, with America
and
Europe refusing to acknowledge its independence for decades. Tighter codes
were enacted against enslaved Afrikans in America. Stricter security and
harsher punishments were given for the slightest offense. Not having the
resources or the troops to maintain it, France eventually loss the
Louisiana
Territory. In addition, there were over 250 recorded slave revolts in the
United States, not including those that were not reported. In racial
terms,
a small island controlled by Blacks defeated one of Europe's strongest
White
nations. This was totally unacceptable in the Western world. Though this
is
the undercurrent of Haiti's problems, the only seemingly viable solution
is
for Haiti to rely on the land of its ancestors for financial relief, until
it can create an economy allowing it to become self-sufficient once again.
Maybe there are other solutions, but history has not favored any of them
thus far.
Kwaku Person-Lynn is the author of On My Journey Now - The Narrative And
Works Of Dr. John Henrik Clarke, The Knowledge Revolutionary. E-mail
address: DrKwaku@hotmail.com.
Website: www.drkwaku.com
The
Modern English Alphabet’s Evolution from Egyptian Hieroglyphs
http://www.peak.org/~jeremy/dictionary/chapters/alphabet/
Microsoft® Encarta® 98 Encyclopedia. © 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation.
The ninth letter that can be traced back to it roots in the Egyptian
hieroglyphs is the letter
H.
However, its trail is a little bit harder to follow due to Babylonian
influence on Chaldee Hebrew concerning that letter, which was not present in
the Paleo Cushite Hebrew of Nubia (the Land of Cush), which was cultivated
by the Pheonicians and became known as Pheonician Hebrew. After Babel
fell because cause of Nimrods efforts to make himself a God on earth under
the philosophy of Hamitic Ethiopian superiority, the Hamitic language ceased
to be the chosen means of propagating the Everlasting Gospel of Heru to the
future generations. While the confounding of the langauges put an end
to Nimrods efforts, a new form of alphabetic writing was being developed in
Nubia that would maintian a direct relationship with the Hamitic language of
the hieroglyphs. Therein names like Hehu, Heru, and Heru-sa-tem would
still be the same though spelt with alphabets instead of hieroglyphs.
This would become the Paleo Cushite Hebrew langauge of the original He-hu-ba-ru.
Seeing that the original He-hu-ba-ru where made up of a mix race of people,
Ethiopians and East-Indians, surely it would not be used to promote a
philosophy of racial superiority. Thus Hebrew became the chosen means
by which the Everlasting Gospel of Heru would be propagated to the future
generations.
Under Babylonian influence, the Hamitic H sound was very often replaced with a
J sound. Though the letter J was not originally added, the J sound was
produced using the existing letters. This pattern was set long before
English translators began to change many of the Hebrew Y's to J. This
created a dilemma for translators that force them to develop the idea of a
silent H, such as the silent H's in Yahweh. Because the Y appeared
with the H in YHWH, the I sound of Y became the basis for changing the
Hamitic H sound to a J sound. Seeing that neither Paleo Cushite Hebrew
or Phoenician Hebrew alphabets had enough characters to accommodate all the
sounds of the Hamitic languages of the hieroglyphs, commonsense should tell
us that neither of them would waste time writing letters that carried no
sound, which why the written language took so long to develop. During
his trip to Egypt, Abraham adopted both the Hebrew faith and the Cushite
Hebrew written language and introduced both of them in the Middle-East
around 2600 B.C. More than a thousand years passed before the
Phoenicians cultivated the language and made it popular.
do not take that half-truth and go wild like other idiots.The True Elohim is Ehyeh! You may change the "y" into a "J" for it ancient times the "y and i" had also the "J" sound. The rule of ancient grammar, is that when the letter "i" is followed by a consonant it has the "i" sound. When it is followed by a vowel it has the "J" sound.
Did not the letter "J" get invented just 500 years ago? Yes, the letter "figure" was invented about 500 years ago. But
From what letter did the "J" figure derive when it was developed? It was
developed from the letter "I".
Now is that a coincidence or is it the evidence that the letter "I" contained
both the "I" sound and the "J" sound and a distinction when the "I" was used
as a "J" sound needed to be identified?
What was not in existence in the genealogy of Paleo-Hebrew and the Semitic languages was a letter character to identify the sound. The "J' sound existed many millenial before the letter character was finally attributed to the sound. When this was done, the letter "I" no longer was used to represent both the "I" sound and the "J" sound. So, if any idiot tells you the "J" sound did not exist until 500 years ago when the letter "J" was created from the letter "I", just consider his/her ignorance and walk away.
http://www.yahwehism.com/html/yahweh-samaria.html
By: Emmanuel Afraka
THE FIRST BLACKS OF THE AMERICAS
ARRIVED ON THEIR OWN, NOT IN EUROPEAN
SLAVESHIPS.
Not a single European nation, tribe or kingdom is responsible for the
presence of Blacks in the Americas. The very first people of
Negroid/African race arrived in the Americas over thirty thousand years
ago, according to National Geographic's article on THE PEOPLING OF
AMERICA and the revelation that more than fifty skulls representing
Africans and people of Africoid-Aboriginal type similar to that of
Melanesia and Australia were found in Brazil.
Furthermore, according to the Gladwin Thesis, the first Blacks may have
arrived in the Americas as early as about 75,000 B.C. and they were
called "Dimunitive Blacks" or people similar to the Pygmies of Africa
and Agta of the Philipines. A Black Australoid type, an Black African
type, A Black Melanesian type also migrated to the Americas according to
the Gladwin Thesis (see the text, "A History of the African-Olmecs,"
pub. by 1stBooks Library, www.1stbooks.com
One of the most ancient Black nations of the Americas lives right here
in the State of Louisiana, they are called the Waschitaw Nation and
before the Louisiana Territory was illegally sold by France for three
cents an acrem, knowing that the Waschitaw owned about one million
square miles, the entire region belonged to the Moundbuilding Waschitaw
who were recognized by both Spain and France. Yet, the hunt for Black
slaves in the Americas and for the "Descendants of Ham" who were to be
enslaved brought about the taking of the lands of the Waschitaw and
other Black nations and the enslavement of many of them.
According to I. Rafinesque (American Friends, 1833 "Black Nations of
America,' a number of Black nations existed in North America and when
Louis and Clarke explored west of the Mississippi, some were seen. Two
well known Black nations were the Jamassee who had a sizable kindgom in
what is today Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama and Northern Florida.
The Black Calafians of California (Black Mojave) also owned lots of land
and fought with the settlers up to the 1880's (see the pictures at
http://community.webtv.net/paulnubiaempire "BLACK CIVILIZATIONS OF
ANCIENT AMERICA." Many others existed as well and they are all listed
in the logs of some of the very early explorers who were either French
or Spanish, or fur trappers.
So, the idea that the white man brought Blacks to this continent after
Columbus is one of the biggest lies of history. The fact is they were
looking for slaves in Brazil even before Columbus and the saw Blacks
along the South American coast, in the Caribbean and in parts of the
Southern U.S.
As for Black civilization in the Americas, it is a fact that the Olmec
or Mende-Shi, are of African origins and they contributed to the
building of the Olmec civilization in Central America and Mexico. This
occurred from about 3113 B.C. to about 400 A.D.
While about half a million slaves were brought to the U.S. and many
millions to Latin America and the Caribbean, there were large numbers of
Blacks in the Americas who had been here for thousands of years and who
also fell victim to slave raiders and invaders.
Read more on this from the text, "A History of the African-Olmecs," pub.
by http://www.1stbooks.com
See pictures of the Olmecs, Black Mojave, Afro-Darienite, Olmecs and
other Blacks of the Americas who existed here before Columbus
http://community.webtv.net/paulnubiaempire "BLACK CIVILIZATIONS OF
ANCIENT AMERICA."
"WHO SAYS AFRICA IS INDEPENDENT?"
By
Mulindwa
Edward
A case of too much interference
In a three-part article, KOFI MATE-KOLE looks at whether African countries
have indeed attained full sovereignty after decades of fighting colonial
forces and post-independence imperial interests.
"WHO says Africa is independent?"
This rhetorical question was asked by Malawi's President Dr Bakili Muluzi in
a recent interview with the New African magazine (Issue Number 420 of July
2003).
Why would a sitting democratically elected president of a sovereign African
country pose such a question?
The answer given by Dr Muluzi was: "The situation in Africa, in terms of
economic reform, is not changing. There has been too much interference (by
the West) when we have tried to do something for our own good.
"(We are told) Oh no, don't do that because we must tell you what to do, but
the question is, why did we become independent?"
To answer this question we must start looking at the birth of the spark that
brought independence to the continent.
Some oppressors, most notably Rhodesia's Ian Smith, declared publicly that
it would not happen in a thousand years, others predicted that it would not
happen in the 20th century and assured their constituents that it would not
happen at least during their lifetime.
Yet on March 6 1957 there was Dr Nkrumah proclaiming Ghana's independence
and throwing the gauntlet at the feet of all imperialists with the
proclamation that the independence of Ghana was meaningless unless it was
linked to the total liberation of Africa.
Nkrumah was a committed Pan-Africanist and thus in April 1958, barely a year
after Ghana's independence, he called a conference of the independent
African countries at that time which were Liberia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Tunisia,
Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Ghana.
It was resolved by all present at the meeting to support the liberation
struggle on the continent by diplomatic and material resources.
December 1958 was the real landmark in the African continental struggle for
independence.
Nkrumah convened the All-African People's Conference in Accra and most known
nationalist politicians and trade unionists were assembled in the Ghanaian
capital. Unnoticed at that time was the quiet arrival of a Southern
Rhodesian educationist coming to be a lecturer at a teachers' college in
Takoradi, Ghana, with the initials of R. G. M!
The purpose of the meeting was to map a strategy on how Africa would be
totally liberated from colonialism and some of the delegates at the
conference were Julius Nyerere, Patrice Lumumba, Joshua Nkomo, Harry
Nkhumbula and Tom Mboya.
The chairman of the conference, Mboya, summed up the task of the conference
saying: "We have all come here to fight for independence, the question is
how?"
France, Portugal and Belgium, the other major colonisers in Africa, were
caught napping by Ghana's independence.
In the first place the French colonial policy of assimilation assumed that
the French colonial countries were integral parts of metropolitan France.
In fact, that meant that no French colony could in principle get
independence just as it is impossible for New York State to get independence
from the US.
Already events on the ground were making it impossible to maintain the
principle that French colonies were integral parts of France.
In 1954, at Dienbienphu in Vietnam, nationalist guerillas under Ho Chin Minh
had defeated the French army and captured their Christmas champagne to boot!
In Algeria, North Africa, another vicious colonial war was sapping French
financial, moral and political resolve.
General Charles de Gaulle had to come out of retirement and return to active
French politics to resolve the crisis.
De Gaulle proposed a new constitution for "Loi fundamentale" for all French
colonies. A referendum was organised for French colonies to vote "yes" for
autonomy within the French community or "no" for complete independence. As
it was, Sekon Tonves Guinea alone opted for complete independence from
France.
Guinea was granted independence in 1958, but France dismantled every machine
that was movable and shipped them back home to France, the same thing
Portugal did to Mozambique in 1975.
Nkrumah immediately gave Guinea a £10 million loan, electrical generators,
broadcasting equipment plus technicians to fix the machinery. To seal it
all, Ghana and Guinea signed a political union known as the Ghana Guinea
Union.
France was so determined to give independence to its colonies in 1960 that
it forced Felix Houphuet-Boigny of Ivory Coast to accept independence
although he had refused independence earlier.
The stress, conflict and crises that the Algerian colonial war was causing
the French body politic was so severe that France decided to get rid of all
her colonies if it meant forcing Boigny to accept independence.
So it came to pass that 14 French colonies attained political independence
in 1960. Britain also gave independence to Nigeria, Africa's most populous
nation.
The Belgian Congo (present-day DRC) was also given independence on June 30
1960. In fact, 1960 is regarded as the year of African independence because
17 African countries attained nationhood and joined the United Nations;
suddenly the biggest bloc of votes in its General Assembly came from Africa.
To all African countries it seemed the whole African continent would soon be
liberated. This optimism was never realised because of what Nkrumah termed
the "Challenge of the Congo".
The Congo crisis put paid to any dreams of quick and dramatic liberation of
the continent.
The Congo story will be told elsewhere, but suffice it to say that the Congo
was the least prepared country for political independence.
This vast Central African country, five times the size of Zimbabwe
stretching from Sudan and Uganda in the north-east going south-west into
Zambia and westwards to the Atlantic seaboard, did not have the political
apprenticeship that the British gave their colonial subjects.
Neither did the Congo have representatives in the Belgian parliament like
the French subjects such as Boigny. Barely three days after independence,
the Congo plunged into chaos and anarchy.
Belgium, the departing colonial power, intervened militarily and Lumumba had
no choice but to call Nkrumah for help and the Ghanaian leader advised
Lumumba to call the UN for assistance.
Lumumba contacted the UN and the then Soviet Union for military assistance
and in the chilly political climate of the Cold War era, that was a fatal
error!
Lumumba was branded a communist by the West and plans were immediately
hatched to kill him and rescue the Congo from communism.
Lumumba was murdered, Katanga seceded and Dag Hammerskjold, the UN
Secretary-General, was killed when his plane was shot down over Zambia when
he was trying to negotiate with Tshombe.
Everyone intervened in the Congo: the United Nations, the West, Ghana, the
Cubans, South Africa and mercenaries.
At the end of the Congo crisis in 1965, the country had become a test case
of the UN's peacekeeping and nation-building efforts. The crisis split the
solid Pan-African front into two camps, namely the Monrovia powers and the
Casablanca powers.
Suddenly, dormant countries such as Liberia became active and started
organising ''moderate'' African nations, mainly Francophone countries and
Nigeria. These countries felt that there was too much interference in the
internal affairs of the Congo and there was the fear that the East-West
ideological conflict was being brought into African affairs.
The Casablanca powers led by Ghana, Guinea, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan,
etc, insisted on the principle of ''Africa for Africans''.
Meanwhile, in East Africa, the then Tanganyika (Tanzania) attained
independence in 1961 followed by Uganda and Kenya in 1962 and 1963
respectively. Suddenly, the strategic situation of the anti-colonial
struggle had changed dramatically.
Tanzania shared the same border with Mozambique, which was then regarded by
Lisbon as an integral part of metropolitan Portugal and therefore impossible
to be given independence.
The OAU Charter, which was signed in 1963, was a compromise between the
''moderate'' Monrovia powers and the ''radical'' Casablanca powers.
Under the OAU liberation committee the liberation of ''white'' Africa, which
was then Angola, Mozam-bique, Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa, was
conceptualised, logistically supported and executed.
Tanzania was used as a rear base for Mozam-bique's Frelimo, Namibia's Swapo,
South Africa's ANC, Zimbabwe's Patriotic Front and the MPLA of Angola.
(To be continued)
The Mulindwas Communication Group
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Arab culture and
African culture: ambiguous relations.*
http://themarcusgarveybbs.com/Feature/Arab%20African%20culture.htm
By
Prof. Helmi Sharawy (arc@ie.eg.com),
Director,
Arab Research Centre for Arab-African Studies & Documentation (ARAASD),
Cairo, Egypt.
[Submitted by "Wau" <wau@worldonline.co.za>
]
In this essay ,we intend to show that , despite the profoundness of the
intercourse between Arab culture and black ,bantu or nilothique cultures,
big or secondary, the relations between these two cultural worlds continue
to be among the most instable. We say amongst the very instable , because
various parts of the continent witness or have witnessed other instabilities
known to those who are informed of conflicts, such as those opposing the
Hausa to their neighbours in West Africa, and the conflicts affecting the
Bantu and nilothic ethnic groups in Central Africa , the Saharoui and other
groups. These conflicts were transformed into military clashes in some
areas, like in the Sudan or Maghreb , despite the common cultural roots of
the parties involved.
If we see in the ambiguous character of the relations between the Arab and
other African cultures , not an isolated case , but the manifestations of a
general phenomena , we could easily situate our study as a case study - a
case which will be transformed into a general vision of the African
situation ,seen in the light of the tensions in the international scene. In
this study , we start from the evidence and the richness of the intercourse
between the Arab and the African cultures, from which both have gained
mutually during a long period of time ; and despite the troubles that
appeared ,sometimes in these relations, they never stopped showing, by
events, that they were a true expression of the latent manifestation of the
people and could serve as a tool to understand Africa. That is what the
cultural , social and intellectual products, as well as the creations of the
two parties confirm.
But we will not limit our study to pointing out the richness of the
intercourse, because we consider that the signs of ambiguity , amazingly
confirm the profoundness of the relations. Our objective is therefore to
come to a conclusion, which would assist in handling issues of globalisation
, which is a merciless reality all have to deal with. Many of the issues
frequently raised in the paper, could serve to resolve major problems. The
world cultural space has not been destroyed by the ambition of domination
and monopolisation of the centre. And it is not by chance that the slogans
of the cold war in its economical ,social and military aspects have given
way to the concept of the clash of civilisations ; a concept which once
again is explained as a conflict opposing the centre to the periphery and,
the centre to all the "others". This in reality represents a manipulation of
the idea of the ‘theory of dependence’, concerning precisely the cultural
issue. If the troubles effecting the cultural relations between the
countries of the periphery are not solved, that would result in the
disappearance of their individual identity. This is what the South risks if
it does not implement a wise policy of cultural and civilisational
interaction. It is not by chance that the ‘migration to the South’ begins in
spring.
The political culture
The political culture of a society finds expression through the dialectic of
the representations which it has of its history and the education of
successive generations, thus developing the national identity. It depends
also on the degree of mobilisation of the society and individuals to defend
their culture, which is embedded in their linguistic patrimony, popular
traditions and the arts and literature.
* This paper is extracted from the book ‘The Dialogue between the Arab
culture and other cultures’, published in Tunis in 1999 by the Arab League,
Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation (ALECSO), P.O. Box 1120,
Tunis, Tunisia (Tel. 784-466, Fax 2161784965)
Arab ethnography, or what has come to be called travel stories, has surveyed
African political structures such as empires, states, political regimes and
the history and transformation of political conflicts and their consequent
power shifts. It has also studied the less important features, which the
Europeans also observed in their period of expansion – which they called
anthropology, which modern African elites adopted which represented African
societies as stateless ,classless ,segmented and tribal societies etc. Since
the European interpretation of African culture dominated 19th century
thinking, with its pseudo-literature on the "discovery of Africa", European
logic was put to service the economic and political interests of
colonialism, resulting in a modern vision, based on a war-like view of
African tribal society. This ideology aimed to be representative of the
whole continent, and served therefore to explain events right up to the most
recent in Africa (Mafeje,1971). During a long period of time, African
thinking used this European anthropology and its functionalists stereotypes;
but it could also not ignore the "historical facts" about Africa’s
disappeared empires and states ,often used to justify theories about the
destruction of Africa by the Arabs through religion and slavery etc. The
Ghana empire destroyed by regional tensions(11th –12th centuries ) ,and the
Muslim empire of Mali, became the illustrations of the dramatic consequences
of the Arab presence in Africa. It is unfortunately this vision which
dominates African political culture today. When it became independent ,Ghana
,the "black star", was cherished because of its rejection of the colonial
name"Gold Coast" , but also as an example of the rejection of Muslim/Arab
cultural domination, which culture is still alive in Senegal and Mali. The
African political culture has not, in that respect, been careful enough in
avoiding the dangers of denying the historicity of the African cultures
,despite the fact that the Arab historical sources ,used by the Europeans,
could have been an African reference point, because the Arab presence in
Africa did not result in the social and political degradation of the African
entity, as had happened under European colonisation......
CONTINUE AT:
http://themarcusgarveybbs.com/Feature/Arab%20African%20culture.htm
BY SUZAR
.... according to the Bible, called the "Lamb" of God, with kinky hair compared with lamb's wool, feet the color of burnt brass (Rev. 1:14,15) and a likeness resembling jasper and sardine stone (sard / sardonyx), which are commonly "brownish" stones. (Rev. 4:3). ALL the earliest pictures and statues of Christ depict him as Black. In the catacombs of Rome where images of Jesus appear for the first time, black paintings and statues of Christ, the Madonna, Apostles and Biblical characters still survive from early Christian worship. The most sacred icons of the Catholic Church and also, prominent cathedrals in Europe are the Black Madonna and Christ child. In the British Museum, a gold coin struck in the time of the Roman emperor Justinian II, shows Christ with tightly curled, wooly hair. J.A. Rogers reports in Sex & Race Vol. 1, p292 that the Cambridge Encyclopedia Co. says that this coin places beyond doubt "the fact that Jesus Christ was a Negro." How many white Christians in America would remain Christians if they knew the truth about Jesus? William Mosley supplies additional evidence in What Color Was Jesus?
Buddha was Black, that's why his woolly hair is always shown in small tight curls, pepper corn style or corn rows. Early sculptures of him clearly reveal his Aficoid features ...wide nose and full lips. So was Zaha of Japan, Fu-Hsi of China, Tyr of Scandinavia, Quetzalcoatl of Mexico, Sommonacom of Siam and Isis of Egypt and Rome. Krishna of India was "blue-black," in fact his
means black, or the Black One! (see dictionary). He is always portrayed with blue or blue-black skin. Mohammed, founder of Islam was also 'bluish' in color with 'frizzy' hair. His grandfather was "black as the night." Moses was Black according to Mohammedan tradition and early portraits. His hand would turn white, then back to his "other flesh" when God wished to give him a sign. (Ex. 4:6,7). Lao Tse of Taoism was "a divine incarnation ...born of a virgin black in complexion and as beautiful as jasper." (Thorton: History of China Vol. 1) The chief title of Osiris, the greatest of Egyptian gods means "Lord of the Perfect Black." He was also called "The Great Black," similar to Krishna. The chief title of Zeus, greatest of the Greek gods was "Ethiops" which means "burnt faced." Early statues of gods in India have Africoid features and woolly or locked hair. The name of the Mexican god Ixtliton means "blacked faced." In fact, many ancient Mexican gods are portrayed jet black with Africoid features. Once banned, The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors, by Kersey Graves reveals remarkable knowledge on this subject, along with Anacalypsis by Godfrey Higgins and African Origins of the Major World Religions by Amon Saakana, ed. Many Bible stories are borrowed from ancient Egypt, Sumer and India, as documented in John Jackson's Christianity Before Christ.
Like Christ, "His son" and all the founders of world religions, God Himself has kinky, nappy hair -according tot he Bible, where God or the "Ancient of Days" is described as having "hair like the pure wool." (Dan. 7:9) The Power that causes galaxies to spiral, and planets & atoms to spin; that causes the double helix spiral of the DNA molecules -this same spiraling power causes spiraling hair... otherwise known as NAPPY, kinky, curly, frizzy, wavy, WOOLLY hair! The words, SPIN, SPIRAL, and SPIRITUAL have common roots! The Supreme Power spins; spirals; it is spiritual. It moves or spirals the universe! The entire universe dances in spirals and rotations; everything in ti reflects the "Spiraling, Spiritual" essence out of which it is made! The "Spiral," especially the Golden Spiral, is simultaneously the most profound motion and design in the universe -built into all life forms, from seashells to man, to spiraling nappy hair! Your blood spirals through your veins! Plants spiral up from the soil! And nappy hair spirals out from the hair roots! Ball your hand into a fist and slowly extend each finger and you will see for yourself how the tip of each finger opens in a golden spiral path! Straight-haired people also have a spiral on their heads, visible as a whorl pattern with its center in the back of the head, where their straight hair grows out slanting in the whorl's direction. Wooly haired people have both, the whorl pattern and the individually spiraling strands of helixal, coiled, spring-like, nappy hair ... the choice of the gods!
Jesus was a Nazarite: a vow of Nazarites was to never cut his hair but "let the locks of the hair of his head grow." (Nm. 6:2,5, Lv. 19:27; 21:5) The word Nazarite is from nazar, meaning unshorn. Woolly nappy hair, if simply washed & dried but never combed or brushed, will naturally entwine into long locks as it grows. Samson, the most famous example of locked hair, had seven locks. (Jg. 13:5, 16:17,19)
which can receive and transmit energy! A Rastafarian explains that dreadlocks are a quality of Black people; they "are high-tension wires," which transmits divine energy and inspiration from Jah [God], the creator, to Rasta, the mirror." (Nicholas/Sparrow: Rastafari -A Way of Life) As Blacks awaken to true self-knowledge and self-acceptance this brings, the negative racist conditioning with respect to their natural spiraling, nappy hair as "bad" and straighter hair as "good" will cease!
The ancient Egyptians called themselves Kam or Kam-Au (Black people/ Black God-people), and their country Kamit (or Khemit), both meaning land of the Blacks and the Black Land. The word Egypt is derived from the Greek word Agapitos (or Agapitos) which means Black! Europe's first historian, Herodotus said "the Egyptians, Colchians, and Ethiopians have thick lips, broad nose, woolly hair and they are of burnt skin." Egyptian civilization evolved from the Ethiopians. The Bible equates Ham (Africans) with Egypt. (Ps. 78:51; 105:23, 27; 106:21, 22) The Black identity of Egyptian mummies is proven by their high melanin content. Also, Egyptians made wigs from sheep wool to match their woolly hair! A superb summary of the first Egyptians, their culture & achievements is documented in Legrand Clegg's video Egypt During the Golden Age. Other great works include Gerald Massey's scholarly Egypt, Light of the World, and James Brunson's Predynastic Egypt. A powerful synthesis of the esoteric sciences of ancient Egypt, India & Canaan, is presented in Metu Neter by Ra Un Nefer Amen.
Carved from a single rock, the Sphinx was a portrait of the Black Pharaoh Khafre (Cephren). The blatant, undeniable evidence of Black African achievement, blew off the Africoid nose and part of the lips with cannon fire! Reporting on the "riddle" of the racial identity of the ancient Egyptians, Count C. Volney, a distinguished French scholar who visited Egypt in the late 1700s, wrote with astonishment "...when I visited the Sphinx, its appearance gave me the key to the riddle. Beholding that head typically Negro in all its features..." He later added "...the Egyptians were true Negroes of the same type as all native-born Africans." The Sphinx's broad nose and full lips are evident in an early drawing of the Sphinx as it was found in the 19th century.
The willful and systematic destruction of Africoid art has also occurred in the Americas, Asia and India: Inscriptions and hieroglyphics are defaced or bleached, noses are shot off or chiseled down, confusing nomenclatures are pasted over the evidence, photos are taken from misleading angles or filters, and some evidence is outright destroyed. In temples and monuments of beauty and durability where destruction was less desirable than claiming the achievements as their own, Europeans replaced the African inscriptions with new ones which credited themselves for the achievement.
You may recall being taught in school that Western (white) civilization is founded upon the ancient Greek civilization which seemed to suddenly appear. What European historians are trying to hide or deny is that the Greek civilization was primarily the offspring of the advanced Black African civilization of ancient Egypt which preceded it by thousands of years. Even Greek legends relate that Egyptian & Phoenician conquerors ruled all or parts of Greece until the 14th or 15th century B.C. Books about Western civilization's African origins include Cheikh Anta Diop: The African Origin of Civilization - Myth or Reality and Martin Bernal: Black Athena Vol. 1, 2.
The Greek plagiarism of Egyptian science, philosophy and religion is well documented by George James in Stolen Legacy. Egypt was the greatest educational center in the ancient world. Black Egyptians educated the Greeks. Black Egyptian priests taught the best minds of Europe; Plato, Thales, Aristotle, Democritus, Anaximander, Solon and others. A surviving sculpture of Socrates shows that he was an African, as was Aesop of Aesop's fables. And historians wrote that such great lawgivers as Lykourgos studied in Egypt and brought back the legal and political basis for the West's politics.
The early Greek-Roman gods & goddesses such as Apollo, Zeus, Hercules, Athena, Venus, were all Black, being renditions of the Black Egyptian gods. The historian Herodotus himself wrote that "the names of nearly all the gods came to Greece from Egypt." The Aeneid, like the Illiad, Odyssey and all the other great epics of the world, is a poetic story dealing with Black people! Aeneas, the Trojan hero of Virgil's Aeneid, was in direct descent from Dardanus, the African founder of Troy.
The falsely credited Pythagoras and Euclid learned their knowledge from Egypt's "Sacred Mystery Schools," which were the first universities known to man (with branches in other parts of the world, including China!) Estimated by computer analysis to have approached a mile in length, the temple-university of Luxor housed an elite faculty of priest-professors and catered to some 80,000 students at all grade levels! Temples were at the center of religion, politics and education. The Ethiopians and Egyptians originated Mathematics and Trigonometry. The African Moors originated Algebra and developed Trigonometry into a science. The word Algebra is derived from "Al-Jabr wa'l Muqabala," the title of the first textbook on the subject. From the name of the Black author, "Al-Khowarizmi" we get the word algorithm (a math procedure). The Arabic numbers we use today came from he ancient Arab people who were originally Black Africans! -and many of them still are!
Africans gave us both! The words Chemistry/ Alchemy (see page 8) are from the word Kam or Khem, the name which the ancient Egyptians called themselves which means BLACK. Africans invented paper and paper-making. Paper was made from payrus, hence the name. Before this, writing was done on stone tablets. The alphabet used by Western civilization originates from the Black Phoenicians who copied the principles from the Africans of the Nile Valley.
The real 'Father of Medicine' was the African multi-genius Imhotep of ancient Egypt, not Hippocrates who lived 2000 years later. Imhotep brought the knowledge of medicine to Greece and Rome. He was a world famous physician, architect, high priest, diplomat, economist, poet, philosopher, sage, magician, astronomer, engineer, and designer of the Step Pyramid of Sakkara. He was so revered that he was deified while still living and worshipped as the Great God of Medicine. The Greeks renamed him Aesclepios, the God of Healing. The phrase "drink and be merry..." is traced to him. The symbol of the medical profession, the caduceus (a winged staff entwined by two serpents), was the insignia found on his temples. Imhotep temples in fact were the first hospitals known to man! Stolen from Africa, his many volumes are at Karl Marx University in Leipzig, Germany. "From Egypt we have the earliest medical books, the first observatory for anatomy - human and comparative - the first experiments in surgery and pharmacy, the first use of splints and bandages, compresses and other appliances, and the first anatomical and medical vocabulary, and an extensive one at that." (S. Glanvile: The Legacy of Egypt p196) European medicine is founded on the works of Imhotep and Black Muslims, Avicenna and Rhazes. For rich details, see Llaila O. Afrika: African Holistic Health.
This race of black men... is the very race to which we owe our arts, our sciences, and even the use of speech!" -wrote the amazed, distinguished French scholar, Count C. Volney in 1787. Later he wrote Ruins of Empires, a book which so delighted scholars of the day that it was translated into English with a 'special edition' for the racist Americans, in which the following quotation was left out:"There are a people, now forgotten, discovered, while others were yet barbarians, the elements of the arts and sciences. A race of men rejected now for their black skin and woolly hair founded, on the study of the laws of Nature, those civil and religious systems which still govern the universe." * The name by which whites are known -Caucasian- originated from Africans -and is from Caucasus, which is derived from the Ethiopian words "Caer Cush Aur." (Bryant's Ancient Mythology Vol. III, p158 [1807]). Ancient African civilizations were flourished while Europeans were living as barbarians in the caves of the Caucasus mountains. * Whites stole the word "Aryan" from the Sanskrit language of India's Blacks where it meant noble cultivator or the holy. * Europe is named after the Black Phoenician princess, Europa! (see dictionary) -who was kidnapped by Black Zeus. * "Slave" is from "Slav." So many Slavic people of Europe were enslaved that the word "Slav" came to mean "slave." * Paris is named after the Egyptian goddess, Isis! -from an early temple of Isis (Pari Isidos). At the site of this temple is the Cathedral of Notre Dame; the Grande Dame referred to Isis herself! The heroes & people of the Bible were primarily Black African people. Moses was an Egyptian priest whose hand turned white under special circumstances. (Ex. 4:6,7) Black Samson had dreadlocks. Solomon declares "I am black" as does Job; "My skin is black..." (Sol. 1:6, Job 30:30) Simon was a Canaanite. (Mt. 10:4) Paul is mistaken for an "Egyptian." (Acts 21:37-39) The early church fathers, persecuted Christians and martyred saints were also Black, such as St. Barbara - a female saint after which Santa Barbara city is named, St. Augustine, St. Maurice, Clement of Alexandria and five popes, including St. Peter! (Rogers: Nature Knows No Color-Line) For details; McCray: The Black Presence in the Bible. Dunston: The Black Man in the Old Testament & its World; and Barashango: God, The Bible & The Black Man's Destiny. Seeking to further discredit African legacy, white historians try to displace Egypt from Africa by classifying it as part of Asia, but the ancient people of West Asia were also Black! The original people of West Asia were the Sumerians, who called themselves the "Black-Heads." They founded the rich Black cultures of Mesopotamia which included the ancient Babylonians, Chaldeans, Canaanites, Phoenicians and Elamites (original Persians). Cush or Nubia means Ethiopia. The Biblical table of nations (Gen. 10) tells us that Cush and Canaan were brothers (sons of Ham), and that Sumer (Shina) is descended from Cush. Old Testament compilers assign Ham (father of Africans) to Egypt, Canaan, Cush and Phut (Libya). The Bible refers to Egypt as Ham. (Ps. 78:51; 105:23, 27; 106;21,22)
The original Jews in Africa 2000 years ago were a Black African people as an ethnic group. (Massey: Egypt Light of the Word p501) Many of them still are Black, in northern Africa such as the Falasha Jews of Ethiopia. A New York Times editorial (3/2/84) described them as "a lost tribe that has kept it identify for more than 2,000 years in a remote corner of Africa." Abraham, ancestor of the Hebrews, was from Chaldea; the ancient Chaldeans were Black. In fact, Africa takes it name from Ophren, a son of Abraham by his wife, Keturah (Whiston: The Life and Works of Flavius Josephus p50) Like Jesus, Mary and Joseph, the lineage of Ethiopian Emperor, Haile Selassie also goes back to Judah -through Solomon/Queen of Sheba and King David. Roman historian Tacitus wrote that many of his time believed that the Jews "were a race of Ethiopian origin." The Bible classifies the Ethiopians & Jews together, "Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of Israel? saith the Lord." (Amos 9:7) Black Paul is mistaken for an "Egyptian" and declares himself to be a "Jew." (Acts 21:37-39, 22: 2,3) That the Jews got their language, religion & culture from the Canaanites & Sumerians through Babylon, is well documented by historians. The original ancient Hebrew alphabet was identical to that of the Phoenicians. "Semitic languages" are really dialectical variants of African languages.
The word Semite is from semi which means half. Half what? Half BLACK! (mulatto!) Semite refers to the descendants of Shem, one of Noah's sons. The word originates from the Latin prefix semi which means half. "half Black and half white... therefore Black (since Black is genetically dominant)" points out Dr. Cress Welsing. Historian Cheikh Anta Diop also points out that the "Semitic" arises in the 4th millennia B.C. from crossbreeding between Black inhabitants of the holy land and white northern invaders. While many Semites (such as Jews & gypsies) have mixed so much with whites that they've forgotten or deny their African roots, racism (white supremacy) will never let them forget this no matter how light-skinned they become, as proved by Hitler, who mandated their destruction because they were classified by whites as "non-white" people originating in Africa. The very word gypsy means "out of Egypt."
African Americans are largely descendants of the original Black Jews! The original Biblical Jews were Black African people who were ruthlessly persecuted by the white man (Romans). The prophet Jesus was a Black Jew who was born during this time. The Roman-Jewish War in 66 A.D. marked the peak of this persecution and the end of the original Black Jews (Hebrew-Israelites) as a nation. As predicted by Jesus, in this war Jerusalem was overthrown, the Temple was destroyed and the Black Hebrews were scattered. (Mat. 24:15-21, Luke 21: 5,6, 20-24) The loss of life was appalling. So many Hebrews were slain that the whole lake of Galilee was red with blood and covered with corpses. The noted historian, Josephus estimated that one million one hundred thousand perished in the siege of Jerusalem alone, reports Hugh Schonfield in his book The Passover Plot p192-195, which describes this massive genocide. * Seeking to escape destruction, millions of original Black Biblical Jews fled into AFRICA! * Centuries later, their descendants were captured and sold into slavery in the Americas! Ella Hughley's remarkable booklet The Truth About Black Biblical Hebrew-Israelites exposes and summarizes important details of this suppressed subject. (To order: 718 712-5892) She writes "Many of the Israelites... who managed to escape their persecutors during the Roman-Jewish War subsequently migrated to West Africa, and 16000 years later their descendants were captured and brought to America in chains by cruel slave-traders." She quotes the noted Jewish historian, Josephus from his book The Great Roman-Jewish War: 66-70, where he writes about this Jewish dispersion and captivity. "General Vaspasian and his son Caesar Titus fought against the Jews. Millions of Jews fled into Africa, among other places, fleeing from Roman persecution and starvation during the siege." In African Origins of Major Western Religions p75, Dr. Yusef ben-Jochannan writes "there were many Hebrew (Jewish) tribes that were of indigenous African origin, These African Jews were caught in a rebellion in Cyrene...during 115 C.E. This rebellion also marked the beginning of a mass Jewish migration southward into Sudan of West Africa." Arab historian, Ibn Battuta writes of finding Jews scattered across North and West Africa during his travels. The Hebrewisms of numerous tribes, especially in West Africa is well documented. If the original Jews were Black, where did white Jews come from? There are two main types of hite Jews; the Edomites and the Khazars. Edomites are the descendants of Esau, who was born ruddy (red) and hairy according to the Bible. (Gen. 25:25) This describes the "white" man; he is red (all shades) and hairy. Esau was the albino, fraternal twin brother of Jacob, the father of the original Black Israelites. The white Edomites and Black Israelites were constantly in strife against one another. In fact, the Edomites fought the Black Jew's in the Roman-Jewish War. At a later period in history, the Edomites (Idumeans) were conquered and forced to become "Jews." The European Khazars became "Jews" in 740 A.D. (see below) Neither groups are descended from the house of Israel! Khazars make up over 90% of the so-called "Jews!" (Hatonn) The world's best kept secret? Hugely writes "These groups... [Khazars esp., plus Edomites & other ethnic groups] make up modern Jewry today. Although the black Hebrew-Israelites are the real descendants of ancient Israel, this truth is not known by many and it is 'the world's best kept secret.' Because of slavery and a scattering, the Hebrew-Israelites are not known to the world as true Israel... Some scholars, teachers and ministers teach that God has completely cast them away, but God said, 'I have chosen thee, and have not cast thee away.' (Isa. 41:9, last part.) [& Rm. ch. 11] Although the children of Israel went into captivity, a remnant has returned as was predicted. The prophecy of Ezekiel 37th chapter tells of the spiritual resurrection of the people of Israel, who will be perpetually betrothed to their God in truth and in righteousness." There are numerous Black-Hebrew congregations in America. "Temple Bethel" is the largest& oldest (in Belleville, VA). "Jews" were a heavy part of the African slave trade in the America! Compiled from Jewish documents, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks & Jews by the Nation of Islam reveals the vast Jewish involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. "Jews" were also major slave sellers during the Middle Ages. (Van Sertima: African Presence in Early Europe p161) These "Jewish" slave-sellers were probably not "real Jews" at all but Khazars. (see below) Counterfeit Jews: the hated, white "Khazars" who have usurped the real Jews!... Historians are now recognizing that the majority of eastern so-called "Jews" are actually "Khazars" and have NO Semitic roots whatsoever! The Khazars are impostors: well-suppressed knowledge is emerging about this war-like tribe of whites that rose to power in Eastern Europe and were hated by the other whites they conquered due to there severe, exploitative treatment of them. The Khazars all converted to Judaism as a political ploy during the Middle Ages. It appears that they learned all they could from the real Hebrews before usurping them, selling them into slavery (or killing them) and taking over in their place, -using the corrupted form of Judaism to hide behind while continuing their treachery right into modern times. Much of Europe's historical hate for "Jews" is hate for the ruthless Khazars who continued to be hated in spite of becoming "Jews." In fact, the word "Jew" originated during the 1700s to label them! (Hatonn: p3, 17) Counterfeit Blessings - The Anti-Christ by Any Name: Khazars by G.C. Hatonn, expoes that the Khazars are the real "anti-Semites" who have labeled themselves as Zionists and "Jews" to deceive the world in furthering their own plans for global & political conquest. (See pages 22-24 in this document) In the 13th Tribe. Arthur Koesler traces the history of the Khazars and their rise to power.
The African Moors sparked the European Renaissance! Ruling Spain, southern France, much of Scotland & North Africa during the Middle ages for 700 years, the Black African Moors gave Europe one of its finest civilizations. The word Moor is from the Greek word mauros, meaning scorched. In the introduction of The Story of the Moors in Spain by Stanley Lane-Poole, John Jackson writes: "Eurocentric historians argue that Europe gave civilization to Africa, which is a complete inversion of the truth. The first civilized Europeans were the Greeks, who were chiefly civilized by the Africans of the Nile Valley. The Greeks transmitted this culture to the Romans, who finally lost it, bringing on a dark age of five hundred years. Civilization was restored to Europe when another group of Africans, the Moors, brought this dark age to an end... During the Golden Age of Islam, the Moorish Empire... was the most advanced state in the world... Cordova was the most wonderful city of the tenth century; the streets were well-paved, with raised sidewalks for pedestrians... Public baths numbered in the hundreds... at a time when cleanliness in Christian Europe was regarded a sin... Moorish monarchs dwelt in splendid palaces, while the crowned heads of England, France, and Germany lived in big barns, lacking both windows and chimneys, with only a hole in the roof for the emission of smoke." The Moors had an insatiable lust for knowledge, and acquired it from East and West, translating into Arabic all they could find, even ransacking monasteries for rare books. One king had a private library of 600,000 books! In Moorish Spain education was available to the most humble, while in Christian Europe 99% of the populace were illiterate, including kings. The incredible city of Cordova had 800 public schools! The Moors made great advances in mathematics, physics, astronomy, medicine, botany, chemistry. The Moors also introduced the first shooting mechanisms or rifles known as fire sticks! -which revolutionized European military science, ultimately causing their downfall when their enemies used gunpowder to drive them back into Africa. Their contributions to European civilization is vast - with no credit given to them. For more details, Ivan Van Sertima, ed: The Golden Age of the Moors, and Samuel Scott: The History of the Moorish Empire in Europe. The white Founding Fathers built America on Black Egypt's knowledge. As revealed in Anthony Browder's fascinating From the Browder File, the Founding Fathers sought to recreate in America the same energies which guided the Africans of the Nile Valley by using African science, architecture and symbols (with no credit to them) as shown: * The Found Fathers and all the U.S. presidents were Masons (except Lincoln 7 Kennedy). Masons and other secret orders such as the Rosicrucian's 7 Illuminati are patterned after the Sacred Mystery Schools (universities) of ancient Egypt. The word 'Mason' means 'child of the sun' and is derived from the African terms Sons 7 Daughters of Light (or Children of the Sun). The sun symbolizes enlightenment, hence these metaphors mean 'enlightened people.' The Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution are Masonic documents, written in the Masonic code and have different meaning to members of the Masonic order. * Look on the back of the dollar bill and see for yourself how the Founding Fathers composed the Great Seal of America with African symbols: The Eye of Horus/God, pyramid, six-pointed star (made up of 13 stars), and the eagle -their imitation of Egypt's sacred sun Falcon, a symbol for Horus. Stan Deyo's provocative Cosmic Conspiracy provides more insights. * The Washington monument, a symbol of America, is an African obelisk! The obelisk was the symbol of the very Black Egyptian god, Osiris who represented the regenerative powers of God and was worshiped as the impregnating force of the universe. The obelisk later became part of the worship of the Egyptian Sun God, "Ra," from which we get the words "ra, radiation." The obelisk is also found at the Vatican in St. Peter's square and in every major city in the world. It is the origin of church steeples! * Egyptian Design: The Lincoln Memorial is patterned after an Egyptian temple honoring the pharaoh, Ramsese II. Meridian Hill Park (aka Malcolm X Park) was designed to align Washington D.C. to the same meridian (pathway to the sun) which passes through Egypt. So-called European architecture (like the Capitol, Parthenon, cathedrals) is copied from African architecture! (mosques, obelisks, temples) * A Black scientist designed the city. The layout and design of Washington D.C. was accomplished by America's first Black man of science, Benjamin Banneker - astronomer and mathematician.
All races were born from the Black race. Science reports that everyone alive today descended from an African woman who lived 200,000, years ago! Based on the evidence of recent findings, modern (white) science has 'officially' declared that ALL of present humanity came from one race... the Black race -the oldest race. Throughout the world prominent magazines have done front page articles on "the most incredible find of all times: Scientists have unearthed the ancient bones of a Black African [pygmy] woman who is indisputably the mother of all humanity!" They nicknamed her Eve"... our common ancestor - a woman who lived 200,000 years ago and left resilient genes that are carried by all of mankind" reports the best-selling issue ever of Newsweek magazine (1/11/88) which depicts a Black Adam and Eve on its front cover headlining it The Search for Adam and Eve. Science magazine (9/11/87) states that overwhelming evidence shows that "Africa was the cradle of modern humans... The story the molecular biology seems to be telling is that modern humans evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago." National Geographic (Oc. 88) reports of new evidence " of an African origin for modern humans." Are whites the albino offspring of Black Africans? White skin is a form of albinism. It appears that whites have "come into being" through a number of ways: In The Isis Papers p123, Dr. Frances cress Welsing states "whites are undoubtedly a genetic mutant albino population... from the original Black (hue-man) beings." The story of 'Snowflake' dramatically illustrates how it is possible for whites to come into being from blacks: Born of coal black parents, this albino gorilla named "Snowflake" has platinum blond hair, white (pink) skin, and blue eyes! (National Geographic: Mar, 67, Oct. 70). Similarly in Panama, particularly among the San Blas Indians are albino natives that also have blond hair and blue eyes! They are often indistinguishable from blond Northen Europeans! In the Bible, Edomites are whites that descended from an albino named Essau who was born ruddy (red) & hairy. (Gen. 25:25) The Bible refers to white skin as leprosy (Num. 12:10-12, Lev. 13) and reports that a race of people (Gahazites) were born white due to being cursed! (II Kings 5:27) Bible scholars credit Japheth (a son of Noah) as fathering a (Black) people who settled in the north, ultimately becoming the Caucasian race. Similarly, other scholars theorize that Africans who migrated to Europe and were caught in the Ice Age, gradually lightened until their genes mutated to adapt to the scant sunlight, thus producing a race of whites. Were whites "made" by Yacub through selective breeding? Paul Gurthrie's astounding Making of the Whiteman, assembles startling historical evidence which verifies much of Elijah Muhammad's controversial teachings on the origin of white people. In Message to the Black Man in America, according to Elijah Muhammad, founder of the Nation of Islam, white people were created from Africans about 6000 years ago by Yacub, a Black god-like scientist. Using a selective breeding process called "grafting," Yacub created whites as a "race of devils" to rule earth for a limited period. (see page 28) Interestingly, the ancient Egyptians recorded the Tamahu, which means created white people. Egyptian writings also refer to whites as Typhonians or People of Seth, both meaning "the devils." After these "white devils" were first released into the Black community of the Near East 6000 years ago, they caused sever strife, thus the Africans rounded them up, stripped them of everything and exiled them to the caves and hills of the Caucasus Mountains. This explains the sudden appearance of white people in this region. To prevent their escaping Africans installed a series of guarded walls blocking all exits along that area from one sea to the other! - thus "roping" them off (hence the word Europe). These walls have been witnessed and recorded by many European writers, including Pliny. Thus, totally cut off from civilization, the whites degenerated into uncivilized, nomadic savages. They remained this way for 2000 years until 'Allah mercifully sent an Egyptian priest named Musa or Moses to civilize them.' This explains the otherwise unknown reason why suddenly about 2000 B.C., vast hordes of these white barbarians left the Caucasus region and stormed all the (Black) centers of civilizations throughout Mesopatamia, the Near East, Africa and India, destroying and usurping them. Thus, the whiteman's arrival signaled destruction for all these civilizations and the beginning of the whiteman's rise to power. Why do whites seek to hide their origins? Dr. Cress Welsing theorizes that whites (as the albino offspring of Black Africans) migrated or were chased northward from Africa into Europe. She states: "Historically, the white race has sought to hide its genetic orgins in Africa amongst Blacks, just as it has sought to deny the origins of the white civilization, from he culture of Black in Africa, seeking instead to proclaim an origin amongst the Greeks. Historically, whites also have sought to degrade Africa and everything Black. By so doing, whites can avoid confronting the true meaning of skin whiteness as a mutation and genetic deficiency state from the Black norm - the 'hue-man' norm'... Deep within the unconscious psyche of the white collective is an awareness; of there origin amongst Blacks, that Blacks were their parents and that they (whites) were the defective offspring's of Blacks."
Your brain and body can't function without Black Melanin! Few people know what Melanin, the pigment that colors the skin & hair, is found in almost every organ of the body and is necessary in order for the brain and nerves to operate, the yes to see, and the human body opt reproduce! At the core of your brain is found the "locus coeruleus," a structure that is BLACK because it contains large amounts of (neuro) Melanin which is essential for it to operate! In fact, all the most crucial brain structures are heavily melanized! Melanin in the brain increases from the lower primates and reaches its peak in the BLACK HUMAN. "All humans possess this Black internal brain evidence of their common Black African Origin. The All Black neuromelanin nerve tract of the brain is profound proof that the human race is a Black race, with many variations of Black, from Black-Black to White-Black, all infernally rooted in a vast sea of Brain Blackness." Dr. Richard King * Melanin is the chemical key to life itself! * It is the major organizing molecule for living systems! * It's found everywhere! -in animals, plants (that's why raisins are brown), soil, oceans, clouds even stars & comets! * It is essentially linked to the DNA of the genes! * It shows the potential to reproduce itself! Black Melanin is necessary in order for humans to reproduce! Melanin is present at the inception of life: a Melanin sheath covers both the sperm and the egg! In the human embryo, the melanocytes (skin pigment cells), brain and nerve cells all originate from the same place; the neural crest. Melanocytes resemble nerve cells and are essential for conveying energy. When Melanin is missing or insufficient in the ectoderm of the early embryo (blastula),this causes the mother to lose her baby; in the case of whites, a defective baby is produced. Black Melanin is the super absorber of all forms of energy. It has "black hole" properties. It can convert light to sound and back again! It stores, transforms and conducts energy! The color of Black is the perfect absorber of light and all energy frequencies, giving Black Melanin these properties! Thus scientists describe Melanin as acting like a "black hole." Melanin can rearrange its chemical structure to absorb ALL wavelengths of energy (sunlight, X-rays, music, radar) and can transmute and store this energy for later use! In The Isis Papers, Dr. Cress Welsing writes that Melanin gives us the ability to use our bodies as direct connections with he God Force, the source of all Energy -like plugging a cord into a wall socket. It also gives our hair antennae-like ability. (see page 2). How does Melanin cause racial differences? The science of Genetics shows that Blacks can produce all races but it is impossible for a brown, yellow or white race to produce a black race. A Japanese scientist showed that inside melanocytes (pigment cells) are tiny packets called melanosomes that contain melanin. The four stages in the maturing of these melanosomes counts for racial differences: Stage 1: The melanosome is empty & doesn't have the machinery to make melanin. Stage 2: The melanosome has the machinery to make melanin, but is empty of melanin. Stage 3: The machinery is there and the melasosome is half filled with melanin. Stage 4: The machinery is there and the melanosome is completely filled with melanin. Whites have mainly stages 1 & 2, whereas all people of color have melanin, with Blacks having more of stage 4. Other amazing facts about Black Melanin: * Melanin granules are "central computers" and may analyze and initiate body responses without reporting to the brain! * Melanin slows aging & protects you from damming effects of sunlight. The darker your skin (genetically) the less it ages. Thus whites often have wrinkled skin in there 30s while Blacks often have smooth, unwrinkled skin even in "old" age. * All people of color have Melanin circulating in the blood due to spillage from the melanosomes (Melanin packets). *People containing high levels of Melanin (mainly Blacks) will always show a positive test for the use of marijuana! The chemical species found in the urine which indicates someone's use of marijuana is also found in the urine of Blacks! * The Melanin molecule is so stable that it has been found in 150-million-year-old dinosaur fossils! It is highly resistant to chemical and physical analysis, this its precise structure is unknown! "BLACKNESS" is a divine, cosmic principle of the Universe. BLACK is the meaning of Kam or Khem -the name which the ancient Egyptians called themselves. From this word we get "Chemistry," the study of the building blocks of Life. Life is founded upon CARBON, the Black element present in all living matter. Black carbon atoms link to form Black Melanin, which has "Black Hole" properties! Black Holes are found at the center of our own galaxy and countless others. In physics, a "Black Body" is known to be a perfect absorber and perfect radiator of all forms of light and energy. This "Black Body Radiation" is at work in the electron, as shown by Nobel prize winner, Richard Feynman. The electron is responsible for ALL "Khem-ical" changes in matter. It has been present since the creation of the universe. The scientist, Jean Charaon proved that the electron has all the properties of the Black Hole, plus it exchanges "Black Photons" with other electrons, enabling it to continuously accumulate data. This means that if we view the electron as a carrier of memory, it has experienced everything in creation since the very beginning. Blackness is fundamental to the operation of the universe of Energy. God is the Giver of All Energy: "Blackness" (not darkness) allows the perfect reception of all wavelengths of Energy Melanin gives Black people superior physical, mental & spiritual ability. Melanin refines the nervous system in such a way that messages from the brain reach other areas of the body most rapidly in Black people, the Original People. Black infants sit, stand, crawl and walk sooner than whites, and demonstrate more advanced cognitive skills than their white counterparts because of their abundance of Melanin. Carol Barnes writes "...your mental processes (brain power) are controlled by the same chemical that gives Black humans their superior physical (athletics, rhythmic dancing) abilities. This chemical... is Melanin!" The abundance of Melanin in Black humans produces a superior organism physically, mentally and spiritually. This why all the founders of the world's great religions are Black. Melanin is the neuro-chemical basis for what is called SOUL in Black people. In the same way Blacks excel in athletics, they can excel in all other areas as well (like they did in the past!) once the road blocks are removed! Is God Black? The Original Man was BLACK, "made in the IMAGE of God" his Parent, according to scared books. Children look like their parents. All the other races are but diluted variations of the Original Black Race. (see pages 7 & 8) Most whites have calcified pineal glands which thwarts Melatonin production, thereby limiting their moral capacity. Located in the brain, the tiny pineal & pituitary glands regulate the body's other glands. Esoteric tradion regards the area of these glands as the third eye, seat of the soul, and the mystical Uraeus represented by the cobra on the forehead of Egyptian royalty/crowns. Why did Africans view the European as a child of God, but the Europeans viewed the African as a soulless savage? Because of "melatonin," described as a mentally & morally stimulating humanizing hormone produced by the pineal gland. Scientific research reveals that most whites are unable to produce much melatonin because their pineal glands are often calcified and nonfunctioning. Pineal calcification rates with Africans is 5-15%; Asians - 15-25%; Europeans -60-80%! This is the chemical basis for the cultural defenses between Blacks and whites, causing some Black scholars to raise the question that the European approach, that of the logical, erect, ridged, anti-feeling posture, reflects a left brain orientation and reflects that they lack the chemical key of melatonin to turn on their unconscious and therefore cannot get into feelings. Carol Barnes writes "Melanin is responsible for the existence of civilization, philosophy, religion, truth, justice, and righteousness. Individuals (whites) containing low levels of Melanin will behave in a barbaric manner." Melanin give humans the ability to FEEL because it is the absorber of all frequencies of energy. Dr. Welsing writes "Since melanin is a superior absorber of all energy , it is essential to establish this understanding of God and 'all energy.' The fact that the albinos (whites) lack melanin may also help to explain ...why, in the view of many non-white peoples, they (whit4es) lack 'spirituality" and the capacity to tune in to, and thereby establish harmony and justice..." The scientific evidence of Melanin threatens the ideology of white supremacy. After considering Melanin to be a "waste" product of body-metabolism which "served no useful function," Western (white) science has now discovered that Melanin is the chemical key to life and the brain itself! All studies and facts about Melanin suggest that after 400 years of attempting to inferiorize the Black race, "Western science is facing the sobering reality that, by its own self-defined standards, Black people are probably superior to whites in both intellectual potential and muscle coordination." (Sepia magazine interview). The central role Melanin plays in the body has been "suppressed to maintain the mythological inferiority of blacks...and the defensive clinging to whiteness as some token of superiority." (Dr. Richard King) The "superiority complex" of white people is a defense mechanism and a mass for their deepest inferiority complex which they project onto people of color. Psychologists say insistent denial means reality in the opposite way. If whites really believed that white skin was "superior," why is "tanning" so important in white culture despite its known health risks (thousands die annually from skin cancer). Also, curling or perm Ming lifeless, straight hair, and the latest; lip injections for a fuller look! And it is the white female who tells you that her ideal mate is "tall, DARK, and handsome!" "Dark" indeed refers to more Melanin! "Messed-up Melanin" is killing Melanated people! In their ongoing effort to destroy people of color, whites create "designer drugs," structured to chemically bind with and alter the Melanin molecule, causing it to become toxic and even fatal to highly melanated people! Carol Barnes, who documents this subject writes, "MELANIN can become toxic to the Black human because it combines with harmful drugs such as a cocaine, amphetamines, psychotic, hallucinogen... marijuana...etc." The molecules of these drugs resemble the Melanin molecule! The body is fooled and its balance is thrown off as it relies on its drug-wrecked Melanin in order to function. Even legal drugs such as tetracycline's, neurolepts (tranquilizers), have strong affinity for bind to Melanin. Herbicides (parquets,'agent orange' [dioxin]) bind irreversibly with Melanin & remain in the Black human throughout life causing many disorders. Drug abuse by Blacks is more likely to occur because Melanin causes Blacks to become addicted faster and stay addicted longer from theses drugs which are deliberately placed in Black communities. Drugs are destroying the heart of Native American and Black society, causing many deaths. For more information on the wonders of Melanin: Dr. Richard King's superb African Origin of Biological Psychiatry and Carol Barnes' information rich Melanin: The Chemical Key to Black Greatness (C. Barnes, Box 3009189,Houston Texas, 77230). Also the technical paper Melanin, The Organizing Molecule by Dr. Frank Barr, discoverer of Melanin's organizing ability & other properties (Institute for Study of consciousness (510) 849-4784 /2924 Benvenue Ave., Berkeley CA 94704).
All world civilization on all continents began with Black African people! Given that the Black race is the oldest, this fact should come as no surprise! Historically Blacks have played the earliest civilizing role in the world as shown by Kamit (ancient Egypt), Sumer, Babylon, Canaan, Kush (Ethiopia), Indus Kush & Harrappa (ancient India), the Olmecs (ancient America) and Shang of ancient China. Other great African civilizations included the empires of Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Benin, Zimbabwe and the Moors who ruled southwest Europe for 700 years. Blacks were first in Asia and pioneered Asia's early civilization! The Black role in Asia as elsewhere in the world, has been submerged and distorted for centuries. Asia's African roots are well summarized in African Presence in Early Asia by Ivan Van Sertima / Runoko Rashidi, and African Presence in Early China by James Brunson. The original oriental people were Black, and many of them still are Black - southern China and Asia. The earliest occupants of Asia were 'small Blacks' (pygmies) who came to the region as early as 50,000 years ago. In 100 Amazing Facts About The Negro, J.A. Rogers reports that in 1923, Europeans first discovered "a hitherto unknown Negro race, the Nakhis, 200,000 in number, in Southern China." In The Children of the Sun George Parker writes "... it appears that the entire continent of Asia was originally the home of many black races and that these races were the pioneers in establishing the wonderful civilizations that have flourished throughout this vast continent." Reports of major kingdoms ruled by Blacks are frequent in Chinese documents. The first kingdom of Southeast Asia is called Fou Nan, famous for building masterful canal systems. Chinese historians described the Fou Nanese men as "small and black." The Ainus, Japan's oldest known inhabitants, have traditions which tell of a race of dark dwarfs which inhabited Japan before they did. Historians Cheikh Anta Dip and Albert Churchward saw the Ainus as originating in Egypt! There is archeological support for this. In addition, ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia records the "Anu" (Ainu?). The Ainu ".. are of the same original race and type as the Australian Aborigines" reports Churchward in Signs and Symbols of Primordial Man. J.A. Rogers writes in Sex and Race Vol. I, "... there are any number of Japanese who, but for color and hair, bear a striking resemblance to the South African Bushman..." An ancient tradition points to the conquest of Japan from the southeast by a race of Black warriors. Did Africans build those ancient pyramids in Japan & China? There are man-made pyramids in China and Japan! China's pyramids are located near Siang Fu city in the Shensi province. The Chinese do not know how they got there but it is believed that Africans of the Nile Valley were the builders (J. Perry: The Growth of Civilization p 106,107) Mistaken for hill due to there eroded appearance, the ones in Japan are made of stones not indigenous to Japan. It is said they were built during the time of Mu. (see page 15) (A. Tebecis: Mahikari-Thank God for the Answers at Last - at Mahikari Centers, LA (310) 316-6867, The Pyramids of Japan - film by Alpha Media Corp.) China's first historical dynasty and first emperor were Black! Founded by King Tang or Ta, the earliest documented rulership of China was the Shang Dynasty (or Chiang) c. 1500-1000 B.C., which is credited with bringing together the elements of China's earliest known civilization. The Shang were given the name Nakhi (Na-Black, Khi-man). Under the Black dynasty, the Chinese established the basic forms of a graceful calligraphy that has lasted to the present day. The first Chinese emperor, the legendary Fu-Hsi (2953-2838 B.C.) was a wooly haired Black Man. He is credited with establishing government, originating social institutions and cultural inventions. He is said to have originated the I Ching, or The Book of Change, which is the oldest, most revered system of prophecy. It is known to have influenced the most distinguished philosophers of Chinese thought. The martial arts originated in AFRICA, not Asia! Kilindi Iyi's essay in African Presence in Early Asia (by Van Sertima/Rashidi) reveals the African roots of the martial arts: Africans discovered very early that the movements of animals could be sued effectively to develop their fighting skills. Also, that 'animal principles' could be isolated within the consciousness and manifested into an unconquerable fighting force. The oldest rescores of kicking, throwing, wrestling, and punching techniques were found in Egypt. These warrior scientists laid the foundation for all martial arts systems, including Kung Fu and Judo.
The first people of India were Africans! The word India itself means Black. Yoga & other so-called Eastern teachings originated in Africa! The Latin word "India" is from the Greek word Indus (or Indos) which means Black. The earliest people of India were Black Africans! It is believed that many of them came from Ethiopia. Often called Dravidians, these Africans founded the great Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 B.C. They brought with them many spiritual sciences which originated in Africa, such as those of Yoga, Kundalini & Reflexology. They were masters of urban planning and architecture: their homes & cities had running water, toilets, and an underground sewage system! - evidenced at the Mohenjo Daro ruins (2000 B.C.). It is believed that the Ganges, the sacred river of India, is named after an Ethiopian king of that name who conquered Asia as far as this river. Buddha, Krishna, and other great Black sages arose from their successive civilizations, including the great King Asoka. Barbaric whites invaded India, bringing destruction. Around the 7th century B.C., nomadic, barbaric tribes of whites invaded India. Like their Greek cousins were to do later, these uncivilized whites learned civilization from the Blacks and overthrew them, destroying their great civilization. Like their European cousins were to do later with Christianity and Judaism, they distorted the Black's religion into a system which ensured their superiority while suppressing the natives. The caste system is the basis of their cunning, oppressive religious ideology which to this day enslaves the mind, body and soul of indigenous Blacks. Originally called Brahminism, this religion was altered and is now called Hinduism - the greatest curse to India's Blacks. According to Madame Blavatsky - founder of Theosophy (a philosophy based on India's sacred sciences), a type of caste system was already in place before the whites arrived. They worsened and exploited it, putting themselves on top. Historians incorrectly refer to these whites as "Aryan," a word stolen from the Sanskrit language of India's Blacks, where it meant noble cultivator or the holy as a title for Rishis (sages) who mastered the sacred science of Aryasatyani. No justice exists for the Dalits: India's Black "Untouchables" At the top of the Hindu caste pyramid sits the Brahmin. At the bottom are the heavily exploited, degraded, humiliated, slave-like, impoverished "Untouchables" who carry the weight of the entire population. They are the worse victims of Hindu society, along with women at all caste levels. African Presence in Early Asia presents an essay by Indian activists v.T. Rajshekar who writes: " From the very beginning it [Brahminism/Hinduism] has had the suppression of the native population and women, even Aryan women, as its primary principles.... whereas the natives respected all humans and assured equal status to women. In fact, the natives of India were matriarchal..." These Black Untouchables are the long-suffering descendants of Aryan/Black unions and native Black populations who retreated into the hinterlands of India seeking escape from the advancing Aryan influence under which they eventually succumbed. They call themselves Dalits which means crushed and broken. Though the caste system (or varna system) was based originally on skin color (varna means color), color is not the main problem as some dark or light skinned people are found at the top and bottom. The problem is the sanctioned oppression of Black Untouchables. No justice exists for them! Crimes against them by caste Hindus almost always go unpunished! Rajshekar writes "No where else in the world is there an parallel to the Aryan persecution of the untouchables of India... It is a social, cultural, and religious institution... The caste structure maintains itself because every member of a particular caste group stands to gain by belonging to that particular caste-group. The caste system helps the exploitation of the weak by the strong. India's constitution not only does not interfere with caste, but fully upholds it... Caste system is based on purity and pollution. One group is considered more pure than the other. The less pure caste group accepts its lower status because it is happy that it has a much larger caste group below it to exploit. As long as there is somebody below it to exploit, it is proud and will not mind somebody always standing on its shoulders. So the entire caste structure is a ... self-sustaining, automatic, exploitive machine." India's Blacks are ignorant of their African roots. India's native Black population is the largest Black population outside Africa, numbering about 200 million. They have brown to black skin, straight or kinky hair and Africoid features, such as the famous Indian holy man, Sathya Sai Baba who has a large kinky afro. Rajshekar writes "The Black untouchables of India, even the educated among them are not aware of the common origin of Africans and Dalits. When they come to know of this and the struggle of the African-Americans and their spectacular achievements, our people will naturally become proud. Putting pride into their broken hearts is our prime task... The African-Americans also must know that their liberation struggle cannot be complete as long as their own blood-brothers and sisters living in far of Asia are suffering. It is true that African-Americans and India's Black Untouchables are both the victims of racism... African-Americans leaders can give our struggle tremendous support by bringing forth knowledge of the existence of such a huge chunk of Asian Blacks to the notice of both the American Black masses and the Black masses who dwell within the African continent itself... No group is better positioned to launch this cultural revolution than India's Dalits. Since we form the foundation of this caste pyramid, we alone are capable of shaking its structure, if not demolishing it... The moment that our people come to believe that they are neither Hindus nor obligated to obey the upper castees, the whole caste structure completely collapses." India's Blacks, like America's Blacks, are awakening from a long spell of ignorance of their true history & African roots. India's Black Dalits have been profoundly inspired by the Black Liberation Movement and Black leaders of the 1960s, whom they revere. Some are linking with African Americans. Instrumental in this awakening has been Runoko Rashidi, African-American historian and founder of the International Dalit Support Group. [Rashidi (213) 293-5807] The best publication on India's Black Untouchables is The Dalit voice, edited by Indian activist, author, journalist V.T. Rajshekar. Annual subscriptions: $40.00 c/o Dalit Sahitya Akademy, 109 / 70th Cross, Palace Lower Orchards, Bangalore, India -560003. India's rich African roots are presented in African Presence in Early Asia by Ivan Van Sertima & Runoko Rashidi; Metu Neter by Ra Un Nefer Amen; Black Jade: The African Presence in the Ancieent East by James Brunson. Madame Blavatsky volumes (Isis Unvieled, The Secret Doctrin, Collected Writings) are rich sources of information on the spiritual, metaphysical sciences of ancient India, Egypt, Tibet and Chaldea. African-American historian and lecturer, Amos Tucker is an expert on Blavatsky's works (plus ancient Ethiopian history) and is completing books in these areas. (805-646-1774) The Africoid Olmecs was the parent culture of Ancient America. Flourishing more than 1000 years before Christ, the Olmecs was the parent civilization of Ancient America. Colossal monuments of stone heads in Mexico show numerous carvings of them as gods. Their faces are unmistakably Africoid, along with many other Africoid portraits in stone, clay, copper and gold. In addition to their culture shaping role, the Olmecs were undoubtedly profoundly influenced by Black migrants from Africa's Nile Valley. Columbus himself made emphatic reference to black traders from Guinea. African technology built the pyramids in Mexico! Did Africans also rule all of South & Central America? Yes! According to Peruvian historian Eduardo de Habiche who documents this in his Spanish Book, El Peru Milenario des Quicia las bases de la: Historia Universal (Lima, Peru 1983). He asserts that these Africans were Egyptian invaders seeking Peruvian gold. Aztec murals clearly depict Blacks with Natives. African presence in ancient North, Central & South America is well documented by Ivan Van Sertima in They Came Before Columbus & The African Presence in Early America, also R.A. Jairazbhoy's Ancient Egyptians in Middle & South America & his pictorial Ancient Egypt, Mexico & United States which documents cultural connections between ancient North America and Egypt! Native American's great contributions have been ignored. As previously noted, the relationship of Native Americans and Africans goes back thousands of years! Africans were actively in business with Native Americans long before Columbus wandered lost into the Caribbean and thinking he found India, erroneously called the Natives "Indians," a name which has stuck. At one time the African and American continents were joined, as proven by their similarity of tropical plants, animals and geographic traits, plus their appearance of fitting together. Perhaps this is why many gods of Central America are portrayed black with Africoid features. When white men came to Central & South America, they immediately began enslaving the Natives. Millions of Natives died (along with their great, quashed civilizations), from slavery, torture, murder and European diseases. Many were also imported as slaves to Europe! Initiating the Atlantic slave trade, Columbus crammed his tiny three ships with 1,200 Indian slaves upon returning to Spain. After running short on labor supply due to decimating most of the Native population, white men began importing African slaves to meet the growing labor demands of their ruthless conquest and plunder. Thus Native and African Americans share a common history of massive abuse, genocide and exploitation from white men. Natives were even called by the same derogatory terms applied to Africans, and often treated worse, to say nothing of two whole continents taken from them. The tenets of the U.S. Constitution originated from Native Americans! The Founding Fathers copied the democratic ideals of the U.S. Constitutional government from he highly developed political system of the Iroquois League of Nations! The American Federal system derives primarily from Native Americans, NOT from Europe, which was a despotic feudal society, nor from ancient Greece where the majority were either slaves or excluded from decision making. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin and others were highly knowledgeable of Native political systems. Franklin urged the new nation to model its government on the League of the Iroquois and guide the creation of the American constitution, which derives from he Iroquois Kayanesha Kowa (Great Law of Peace). Of course the whitewashed history books do not acknowledge this. In The Sacred Hoop, Paula Gunn Allen documents this subject along with the Native American quest for freedom & justice and their input to the feminist movement. Originally, early colonists gave some recognition to Natives: architects of the U.S. Capitol fashioned the columns to resemble stalks of com and covered the ceiling with tobacco leaves and flowers. And Pochohantas, a Native youth, was selected as the FIRST symbol of America. But as the U.S. moved toward civil war, Native heritage was obscured and whitewashed. Native American foods revolutionized world agriculture. That's why Italians have tomatoes, Irish & Germans have potatoes, etc. Other foods include maize, peanuts, beans, squashes & peppers. Corn & potatoes are staples in human diet! Wealth ravaged from Native Americans ballooned European economy. Historians show that in 1942, the value of all the he gold & silver in Europe was about $200 million. In 16000, just 100 years (and countless slaves) later, it increased to two billion! -empowering major economic & trade expansion in Europe which led to the Industrial Revolution. The Native American suicide rate is SEVEN times the national rate! (See page 21) Natives rank at the bottom of almost every social and & economical indicator. Their problems are symptoms of a far greater problem: a disease called white supremacy. As part of their ongoing campaign of genociding people of color, whites are still trying to put toxic waste dumps on Native American lands. Existing radioactive waste already deposited is causing birth defects in Native peoples. White feminists and "New Age" exploitation spell destruction for Native Americans. The New age movement has sparked new interest in Native American spirituality among white women who claim to be spiritualists. Indian spirituality is often presented as the panacea for all problems. Explains a flyer: Many white 'feminists' see the opportunity to make great profits from this new craze. They sell sweat lodges, sacred pipe ceremonies or books & records that supposedly describe Indian traditional practices so that you too can be 'Indian.' "On the surface, it may appear that this new craze is based on respect for Indian spirituality. In fact, the New Age movement is part of a very old story of white racism and genocide against the Indian people.. Of course, white 'feminists' want to become only partly Indian... While New Agers may think that they are escaping white racism by becoming 'Indian,' they are in fact, continuing the same genocidal practices of their forefathers/foremothers. The one thing that has maintained the survival of Indian people through 500 years of colonialism has been the spiritual bonds that kept us together. When the colonizers saw the strength of our spirituality, they tried to destroy Indian religions by making them illegal... Our colonizers recognized that it was our spirituality that maintained our spirit of resistance and sense of community ... Many white New Age 'feminists,' such as Lynn Andrews, are continuing this practice of destroying Indian spirituality. They trivialize Native American practices so that these practices lose their spiritual force. They have the white privilege and power to make themselves heard at the expense of Native Americans. (Lynn Andrews' books have sold more than all books by Native writers combined). Consumers like what many of these writers have to tell and do not want to be concerned with the facts presented by Native Americans. Our voices are silenced, and consequently, the younger generation of Indians who are trying to find their way back to the Old Ways become hopelessly lost in this morass of consumerist spirituality." Addressing this problem of New Age exploitation & expropriation of Native culture is a group dedicated to preserving and revitalizing Native American spiritual practices & religious traditions, called Center for the SPIRIT (Support & Protection of Indian Religions and Indigenous Traditions) Box 17002, Oakland, CA 94601 (510) 535-0505. Another active group is Alliance of Native Americans (ANA) (213) 871-2941. Probable benefits ahead for Natives through new UN standards. It is expected that in 1993, the United Nations Human Rights Committee will have developed International Law Standards to protect indigenous people of North, South and Central America. This creates a binding International Treaty on how to treat Natives and is an International Code to allow tribes to regain rightful Sovereign Status and guaranteed recognition as Free Nations by the World Community. Native Americans are reclaiming their land. The Pope-issued, "Doctrine of Christian Discovery" granted legal sanction of white men to commit genocide and help themselves to taking land from non-Christian, indigenous peoples around the world. Los Angeles has the largest population of Indians (est. 100,000). They are referred to as "Landless Indians" though they claim "Legal Title to most of the land" in America. Native Americans are uniting in legal battles to recover much of their land. By succeeding, this helps them re-establish their cultural connection to the past and gain recognition as valid nations. Books: Churchill/Wall: Agents of Repression, S. Steiner: The New Indian, V. Deloria: The Nations Within, Bruce Johansen: Forgotten Founders, M. Jaimes: The State of Native American, Baxendale/McClaine: This Land is Our Land. Newspapers: Burning Spear (Box 27205, Oakland, CA 94602) and Akwesasne Notes (Mohawk Nation via Rooseveltown, N.Y. 13683) Almost all African-Americans have "Indian blood!" The history of the formidable "Black Indians" is almost totally unwritten. The first paths to freedom taken by runaway slaves led to Native American villages where Blacks found a Red hand of friendship and an accepting adoption system & culture. Black Indians by William Katz documents the remarkable history of the descendants of Native American/African unions in North, Central & South America, including the powerful African-Seminole Alliance in Florida that fought the U.S. Army, Navy & marines to standstill for 40 years. It reveals that "Today just about every African-American family tree has an Indian brand... Europeans forcefully entered the African blood stream, but Native Americans and Africans merged by choice, initiation, and love."
Africans ruled widely in Europe for over 1400 years! Shocking, isn't it! It started with Septimus Severus and ended with the Moors. To summarize: * Black rulership of the Roman Empire begin in 193 A.D. with African born, Roman Emperor Septimus Severus, a full blooded African. There were four other Black emperors after the Severus dynasty. * Often called the father of military strategy, Hannibal, another full blooded African, performed the astounding feat of crossing the Alps on elephants in 218 B.C. With only 26,000 of his original force of 82,000 troops remaining, Hannibal defeated Rome, the mightiest military power of the age, who had a million men, in every battle for the next fifteen years. His tactics are still taught in leading military academies of the U.S., Europe & other lands. * Black rulership was widespread in Europe during the "Dark" & Middle Ages! * The original "knights" were Black! -including the knights of King Arthur's Round Table! That's why they were called "knights" after the night or darkness of their skin. * An African king named Gormund, ruled Ireland during the Anglo-Saxon period in England, reports the medieval historian, Geoffrey of Monmouth. * Halfdan the Black, who was Africoid, was the first king to unite Norway. * When the British Isles were invaded by the Vikings some of these Norse raiders were Africoid. In fact different varieties of 'Viking' Africans lived in Scandinavia during the Middle ages and are frequently mentioned in Viking sagas. * There were Black Huns! The dictionary describes the Huns as "a fierce barbaric race of Asiatic nomads who, led by Attila, ravaged Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries A.D." The Gothic writer Jordannes described their infamous leader, Attila the Hun as having "a flat nose and swarthy completion." He describes the types of Huns he had seen as "of dark complexion, almost black... broad shoulder, flat noses and small eyes." * The African Moors dominated southwest Europe during the Middle Ages for 700 years: 711-1492 A.D. (se page 6) Europe's royal families descended from Black/mulatto rulers! This makes sense when you know that African's ruled Europe for 1400 years. Africans introduced the concept of royalty to the European when were initially uncivilized barbarians. African ancestry in the Europeans is well documented in Nature Knows No Color Line by J.A. Rogers. To list a few: the Black Queen Charlotte Sophie - the grand daughter of Queen Victoria - who was also the consort of George III & the great, great grandmother of Louis XVI. Jean Baptiste Bemadotte who founded the present day royal Swedish family. The Medicis, the Gonzagas, the Duchess of Alafoes, St.Hilaire - son of Louis XV ... this is why some of Europe's oldest royal/noble families are called the "Black Nobility" though they are "white"? There are no "pure whites". Race purity is a big myth. Europeans and their "white Americans" descendants have much African blood from centuries of miscegenation with Africans: * That's why Spaniards, Greeks and Italians are so dark. * African Moors ruling southwest Europe centuries, darkened whites in this area, especially Portal, which was "the first example of a Negrito (African) republic in Europe." Moors ruling Scotland in the 10th century mixed with whites until they disappeared. * Black Celts (Silures) & Black Vikings vixed with the Scandinavia people. * The black blood type is common even in Nordic Europe where intermixing has been happening since antiquity. * Even Hitler's family had some Black blood, reports the New York Times 7/1/40. The Huns included Black Mongolians who mixed heavily with the 'Aryan Germans.' * Black slavery lasted in England for about 400 years (1440-1834), during which time much intermixing occurred. For details on Europe's African history / ancestry in whites: Ivan Van Sertima: African Presence in Early Europe, J.A. Rogers: Nature Know No Color Line and Sex and Race (all volumes), Edward Scobie Black Britannia, and David MacRitchie: Ancient & Modern Britons. Mo!... Yes Beethoven was Black. So were five U.S. presidents!. *Beethoven was a dark Moorish mulatto called "The Black Spaniard." His teacher, the immortal Joseph Hayden, was also a mulatto! (Khamit-Kush: What They Never Told You In History Class) In The Five Negro Presidents, J.A. Rogers documents the mulatto identity of five American presidents! (Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Warren Harding, Andrew Jackson & Abraham Lincoln) * Wise men of African's Dogon tribe baffles scientists with their accurate, advanced technical knowledge of celestial bodies such as the invisible white dwarf star, Sirius B, only recently discovered by science. They even accurately told the composition of the moon in 1946, decades before the first moon landing! (Marcel Griaule Conversations with Ogotemmeli) * Modern Inventions of Blacks are many, including: * Automatic Transmission * Air Conditioning * Multiple Stage Rocket * Turbine Engine * Toilet * Traffic Lights. * Numerous Blacks contributed to development of Micro Computers & the Atom Bomb. Details; Van Sertima Blacks in Science for quick review; Ersky Freeman: 1001 Black Inventions Supplement. The Legendary super civilization of "Mu" (Lemuria) was Black. Preceding all early civilizations was the legendary Lost Continent of Mu, said to be the first advanced civilization of man on Earth. Mus flourished over 70,000 years ago before sinking beneath the Pacific Ocean 12,000 years ago in a world cataclysm according to legend. Their descendants are said to be primarily the people of the South Seas and Oceania. In Hawaii, there's one island where only pure-blooded Hawaiians live. They have full Africoid features, dark skin & wooly hair! In 100 Amazing Facts About the Negro J. Rogres states "...the people of ... Negro descent living in Asia and Oceania probably exceed in the number the present Negro population of Africa. The purest Negro types are in Southern Asia." * Atlantis, another super legendary civilization after Mu, is believed to be the ancestors of the Red Race. Books on Mu & Atlantis say that both achieved a level of technology superior to modern technology and that the misuse of technology, especially in Atlantis, ultimately destroyed them. * Mu is said to be the original parent of earliest world cultures... and this partly explains the amazing similarities between ancient world cultures. The Egyptian historian, Manetho gave a history of Egypt's dynasties that goes back at least 24,927 years (to time of Mu & Atlantis). In Plato's Republic, an Egyptian priest may be referring to the destruction of Mu & Atlantis when he states "There have been many destructions of mankind... you remember a single deluge only." There is abundant worldwide archaeological, mythological & geological evidence which "proves" that an advanced, ancient super civilization once thrived in the central Pacific. Ancient underwater cities have already been discovered in the Pacific Ocean! (Lost Cities of Ancient Lemuria & the Pacific by David Childress; The Lost Continent of Mu & other books by James Churchward Were the Lemurians African Pygmies? Legends around the world, from Ireland to Japan speak of the earliest inhabitants of their land as being "small blacks" or "dark dwarfs." The original Irish "leprechauns" were in fact, pygmies! The ancient Egyptians spoke of the "Twa people" -small brown men who were early inhabitants on earth. Presenting a fascinating account of Lemuria & Atlantis, the inspired Right Use of Will by Ceanne DeRohan, reports "the Lemurians were small and brown." In Pygmy Kitabu Jean-Pierre Hallet documents the amazing pygmies of Zaire, "the world's most genetically pure ethnic group... surviving since the dawn of mankind in real harmony with God, nature and each other." Pygmy bones are found all over earth. Albert Churchward's Signs & Symbols of the Primordial Man talks about the many ancient exoduses of Black out of Africa to other parts of the world. Some Africans must have returned to Africa since many African tribes assert that their ancestors came from the East [Mu?] (J.A. Rogers in 100 Amazing Facts About the Negro p. 22, quouting a French author) Stonehenge was build by "small Africoid people!" Pygmies, that is! This well documented by two European authors; David MacRitchie: The Testimony of Tradition, and Gerald Massey who exhaustively explored the Nile Valley origins of British culture in the first volume of his Book of Beginnings. Ancient megalithic structures are also found throughout the Black South Pacific Islands. The extraterrestrial origins of humanity? Legends and ancient cultures around the world speak of man's extraterrestrial connections, claiming that the gods were our ancestors. The Bible agrees we are gods (Ps. 82:6, Jn 10:34) The inspired Cosmic Revelations by Valentin/Essene and ch. 11 of New Cells, New Bodies, NEW LIFE by V. Essene, offer fresh insights, along with Dreamspell: The Journey of Timeship Earth by Arguelles & The Prism of Lyra by Royal/Priest. It is thought that humanity's first prototype began as long-lived, god-like, ethereal, hermaphroditic beings who gradually polarized into opposite sexes and solidified into flesh form. Eons later, succumbing under the attack of negative forces, many of them degenerated into so-called cave men. Eventually other "gods came to earth" (aka Biblical Nefilim or those who fell from Heaven) and combined their own genes with those of cave men to upgrade and genetically engineer the root race of present homo sapiens about 250-300,000 years ago. (Z. Sitchin: The 12th Planet) Interestingly the Bible gives two accounts for the creation of man - one reads "let us make man in our image," implying plural gods at work. (Gn. 1:26) it also mentions "sons of God" mating with "daughters of men." (Gn. 6:2, 4) Ancient Egyptians also spke of "sons of God." Egyptian hieroglyphics depict them with enormous, elongated arched craniums. Elisabeth Haich writes about them in Initiation. Their skulls have been found in both Egypt & Mexico and can be viewed in the Cairo Museum as well as in Peruvian & Mayan relics. Spaceships abound in holy books, including the Bible where they are described as wheels, fiery clouds and whirlwind chariots. (Ez. 1:4, 16, 19 / 10:16-19 / Is. 4:5 / 66:15 / Nm. 12: 5,10 / 14:14 / Jer 4:13) Isaiah 19:1 reads "Behold, the lord rideth upon a swift cloud!" In India, the vaimanika Sastra & other holy books give detailed descriptions of various flying machines plus detailed instructions for operating them! (Daniken: Pathway to the Gods p 181)
Whites have done to "Original Christianity" what they've done to true history! Like HIS-story, the white man's Christianity is False Christianity! The Original Christianity of the Original Christians and Original Biblical Books has been greatly changed, distorted, censored and reconstructed by whites into a False Christianity which serves as a "weapon" and the primary pillar of global white supremacy. (See page 27) Consider these facts: * Major altering and censoring of Biblical books were accomplished at the Council of Nicea in 325 A.D. In addition, whole books were deleted from the Bible. Evidence of missing Biblical books exists within the Bible itself! These include the books of Jasher, Nathan, Shemaiah, Iddo and Jehu -referred to in Nm. 21:14 /Josh. 10:13 / II Sam. 1:18 / I Chr. 29:29 / and II Chr. 9:29, 12:15, 20:34. The Bible in its original form was the product of an African people. Though it has been greatly "messed" with by whites, much truth is still available when you know true history. * The original early Christians were the Essenes, a Jewish sect in Palestine. Jesus was an Essene. The earliest images of Jesus, his Mother, disciples and Biblical characters, appear for the first time in the catacombs of Rome where these early Christians (Essenes) buried their dead. They are portrayed Black. These Essenes in fact, were the "early Christians" who were brutally persecuted by the white Romans and often fed to the lions for entertainment! * The Original Christians Church was also African (Ethiopian). Its original African founders and early saints were often martyred when this church was usurped by the whites who replaced it with their counterfeit Roman Catholic Church. * The Dead See Scrolls exposes knowledge concealed by white False Christianity. They prove that Christianity was an outgrowth of Essenism. In The Dead Sea Scrolls & the Life of the Ancient Essenes, Dr. R. Bernard writes "These scrolls reveal knowledge hidden from the world ever since the Alexandrian library was burnt by the Roman churchmen in order to purposely destroy it, because they considered it dangerous to the existence and survival of the new religion (False Christianity) which they elaborated by alteration of the original doctrines taught by the Essenes centuries previously." * Jesus "lost" years were deliberately concealed by Roman churchmen, along with most of the deeper, esoteric teachings of Original Christianity which include reincarnation & karma. Fragments of these teachings remain in the Bible, for example: John the Baptist was the reincarnation of Elijah (Elias) the Prophet (Mt. 11:11-14, Mal. 4:5). Reincarnation & karma explain much of the seeming unbalances in the world. Other Biblical references for both: Job 1:21, Jn. 9:2, Mk. 8:27, 28, Rv. 13:10, Oba. 1:15. A book providing most of the Biblical references is Edgar Cayce on Reincarnation (also see Montgomery: A World Beyond) There is evidence that during Christs's "lost" years, he traveled/studied in Egypt & India where the early Christians went for advanced education. For light on Jesus' hidden years/teachings; Levi: The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ. * The Christian Madonna is copied from the Egyptian Madonna. Worshiped in Egypt & Rome, Black Isis & Horus her son was the model for the worship of the Madonna & Christ. Millions of whites worship the Black Madonna & Christ, found in Europe's most venerated shrines (formerly the sites of temples of Isis). Titles such as Our Lady, The Great Mother, are the same titles attributed to Isis. The word "Madonna" itself is from the mater domina, a title used for Isis! * The word Christ is from Krishna (Christna). Krishna was a great avatar (savior) in India 3000 years before Jesus. The name of the historical man was Jehoshua (or Joshua), not Jesus. * Jesus, the Panther? An original name for Jesus was "Jehoshau Ben Pandira" which means "Jesus, son of the Panther!" (Blavatsky: The Secret Doctrine) Even the Bible refers to him as "the Lion of the tribe of Juda." (Rv. 5:5) Jesus in fact, was a "Black nationalist freedom fighter.. whose goals were to free the Black people of that day from the oppressive ... white Roman power structure and to build a Black nation." (I Barashango) Schoenfield reports in The Passover Plot p 194: "Galilee, were Jesus had lived... which was the home of the Jewish resistance movement, suffered particularly. The Romans never ceased night and day to devastate... pillage [and kill]." In The Black Messiah p91, Rev. A.B. Cleage Jr. writes that Jesus was a revolutionary "who was leading a [Black] nation into conflict against an [white] oppressor... It was necessary that he be crucified because he taught revolution." Jesus states "I have not come to send peace, but a sword." (Mt. 10:34) * The world has had sixteen crucified saviors, all with virgin births, accompanied by stars and other wonders. These saviors PREDATED Jesus by thousands of years! Read The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors by Kersey Graves. * Christianity existed long before Christ! - well documented in John Jackson's Christianity Before Christ. Many Bible stories, traditions, special words were copied from Egypt, Sumer, India & other cultures. Examples: The word hell is from "hel" (in dictionary), the underworld of the Norse myths. The word Amen is from Egypt. The word EL or Al (in Michael, Gabriel, Daniel, Elohim) was the Canaanite name for God. The original cross used by the early Christians was the Egyptian ANKH, a looped cross which symbolizes everlasting life. The white man's false replacement - the crucifix, is a symbol of death. (see page 27) Other revealing books: I Barashango: God, The Bible & The Black Man's Destiny, T. Doane: Bible Myths, G. Higgins: Anacalypsis, Ysuef ben-Jochannan: African Origins of Major Western Relgions, D. Dudley: History of the First Council of Nice. The Lost Books of the Bible & the Forgotten Books of Eden. The Renaissance was the "White-aissance!" during which Europeans massively whitewashed African history. It's an ironic shame that such whitewashing should take place at this time since it was Africans (Moors) that sparked the Renaissance in the first place! The Catholic Church, using Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci and other artists, was the chief culprit! An overview of the profoundly wicked history of the Catholic Church and its Popes is presented in Deceptions and Myths of the Bible by Lloyd Graham. The surviving art which escaped whitewashing, often portrays rulers, famous figures and armies of knights as Black as they can be. A good source of such art are "Icon" art books like Russian Icons available at most art museums. Also at the library you may find art books on these periods, and if you look carefully through them, you will usually find one or two stray pieces of Black evidence that 'escaped' the Renaissance's whitewashing. Whites are trapped in "illusions of greatness" by false history. * Whites have committed a grand theft and massive cover-up of true history. * This cover-up keeps most white Americans ignorant of the truth about themselves! In Message to the White Man & Woman in America: Yacub and the Origins of White Supremacy, Dr. Dorothy Fardan, a white member of the Nation of Islam writes: "This ignorance and rejection of history allows Whites to continue in illusions of greatness and white supremacy that can only be eliminated by unfolding the layers of rejected history. What most white people pail to understand is that they too have been denied access to the true history which under girds their present life, and in the absence of truth fail to gain knowledge of themselves. In rejecting 'Black history' ..they have rejected the truth of themselves and the crucial key to unlocking the doors to both the past and present, and therefore, any clear path towards the future. Speaking on how whites are trapped in a false history they do not understand," she continues: "What history are Caucasians trapped in then? It is a historical vacuum; a chunk of time which has been severed from its origin point and reconstructed in terms of fabricated accounts and falsified documents. Such an historical and truncated worldview ahs allowed the illusion of white supremacy to become not only a general mindset, but an insidious underlying strategy which informs and constitutes every institution within American society .. This mind set, which has no grounding in the origins of human presence, no recognized connection to the first civilizations of human beings nor the wisdom accumulated in those civilizations (except for what was stolen and/or rethought and rewritten) is a mindset trapped.. While the Europeans took what they needed and wanted from the original people in Africa to form the foundations of Western civilization, they simultaneously denied and rejected that very source. What occurred was a deliberate effort to cover up, conceal and alter the true origins of human life, in order to establish a supremacists worldview and eventually a civilization which recognized no liability for or answerability to the laws of nature embedded in the universe as well as in human nature." Whites have done a phenomenal job of stealing, falsifying and whitewashing history! Napoleon spoke truth when he stressed "History is a lie agreed upon." And Hitler said "The bigger the lie... the more people will believe it." History is "his" story, or the white man's story (his lies), but the truth is coming to light and the great white Lies & deceptions are being exposed as the minds and hearts of humanity reawaken in the increasing light of a new dawn. For an excellent overview of suppressed African history: What they Never Told You in History Class, by Indus Khamit-Kush Free Your Mind, Return to the Source: African Origins video by Dr. Asa Hilliard (404) 762-6604 Malcolm X on Afro-American History When Black Men Ruled the World and other videos by LeGrand Clegg (310) 631-2661 Stolen Legacy by James, G.M. George The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor P. Williams From the Browder File by Anthony Browder The African Origin of Civilization by Cheikh Anta Dip 100 Amazing Facts About the Negro and other books by J.A. Rogers All books by Ivan van Sertima from Journal of African Civilizations at Rutgers University (908) 932-1766 African Presence in Early Asia by Ivan Van Sertima & Runoko Rashidi A Guide to the Study of African Classical Civilizations by Runoko Rashidi Adam, The Altaic Ring & "The Children of the Sun", Mo, and A Black Man's Bible by James R. Granger Jr. Message to the White Man & Woman in America: Yacub & the Origins of White Supremacy by Dorothy Fardan Sources for the books listed in this document (see page 35 for full list) * Eso-Wan Books: 900 N. LaBrea St, Inglewood CA (310) 674-6566 * Marcus Books: Oakland CA (510) 652-2344 at 3900 Martin Luther King Wy / San Francisco (415) 346-4222 / 1712 Fillmore * Shrine of the Black Madonna (Books, Cultural Centers): Atlanta GA (404) 752-6125 at 946 Ralph D. Abernathy Blvd. / Houston TX: (713) 645-1071 at 5309 Martin Luther King Blvd. / Detroit MI (313) 491-0777 at 13535 Livernois
FACTS:
1. The first Americans or native Americans going back to 13,000
BC were black! Look up the Folsom people who lived in Arizona.
2. Best reason to STOP USING the term African American and
say Black: A white person who was born in Africa, who moves to
America is an African American and qualifies for financial aid,
etc., but will get the jobs/pay privileges afforded to whites.
3. Look up the Slavery Law of 1665 (which stayed
in effect until 1968) and the Maryland Doctrine of Exclusion
(1638): both laws state that blacks must be excluded from the
benefits afforded whites and that blacks must remain
noncompetitive with whites, except in sports and entertainment.
4. Two white men, Bill Gates and Larry Elision,
combined have more wealth than the combined wealth of all 36
million blacks in America. Civil Rights did not change the economic
landscape or the balance of power in America.
5. Asians received 80% of all government minority set aside
contracts. Hello!!!!!!!
6. Blacks eat more fish than whites by a four to
one margin. For every dollar whites spend on fish, blacks spend
nine dollars on fish. Fish sold wholesale for $1 will retail at
$2.50 -- $3.00. Guess what business we should be in as Blacks?
7. There are no black-owned national cable or major network
television stations. The black woman who owns our only
black-owned radio stations, plans to sell to white owners after
hearing the deal Bob Johnson received for selling BET. (Cathy
Hughes, who owns RADIO ONE is from OMAHA!)
8. There are no black-owned companies on the Wall Street Stock
Exchange where blacks own the majority or controlling interest
9. 96% of all black inmates are men.
10. Over the next two years 440,000 black inmates will be
released from prison. The State has no place to put them as they
reenter society. What about a halfway house business?
11. In 1860, 98% of all Blacks in America worked for White
people. In 2001, 98% of all Blacks in America still work for
white people.
12. In 1860, blacks in America had a combined net
worth of half of one percent point. Guess what? In 2001,
after Civil Rights, Jesse Jackson, Oprah, Shaq, NAACP,
and Urban League, our combined net worth is half a percentage
point.
13. For every dollar earned by a Jewish person, that dollar
touches 12-18 Jewish hands before it leaves their community. For
every dollar earned by a black person, it leaves the community
soon as he or she earns it.
14. Last week in Washington, DC black teenagers were arrested and
booked for eating McDonalds on the metro subway. Cops cited the
recent 5-4 court decision as the permission to arrest lawbreakers
even for minor offenses.
America is against blacks... PERIOD!
After we get through being pleased that we have carpet in our
office, a secretary, our name on the door and make six figures,
we do not own anything. What will happen if you miss six months
of work without pay? All we have left for our children is debt,
not an inheritance. You cannot pass welfare or food stamps on to
our kids as a nest egg! We are not even in the race.
By the way, the word "race" hit the English language in the 16th century when
Europeans held a contest to see who will win the race to gather
the most wealth through exploitation of blacks. You must read
Powernomics by Claude Anderson.
This is our blueprint to create
wealth, not just to have a job, but be a business owner, so you
can hire people, be listed on the stock exchange, develop businesses to
meet our needs.
This is a main motivation for Wanda and I forming Goddess Empire Inc., and
other companies
where we can maintain ownership of our product (which are the fruits of our
labor) and doing what
we can to be a part of each other's solutions and NEVER each other's problems.
We've GOT
to come and stick TOGETHER, my friends... for this is real.
Dr. Woodson felt it was important for Black people
to know their history and
to have pride in their race. He felt that race prejudice grew from the idea
than Black people were inferior to White people, The truth about Black
history would stop the spread of racial prejudice.
Dr. Woodson said Blacks should be proud of their African ancestors. The
African had taught the modern world civilization, trial by jury, music
by
stringed instruments, the domestication of the sheep and the cow, and the
use of smelting metals, gold, silver and iron.
Carter G. Woodson:
The Founder of Black History Month
Many people call Dr, Carter G. Woodson the "Father of Negro History," They
believe he has done More than any other individual to prevent the
obliteration of Black history.
It is because of Dr. Woodson's hard work that we observe Black History Month
each year.
Carter G. Woodson was born in New Canton, Virginia in 1875 to former
slaves Anne Eliza (Riddle) and James Henry Woodson. Though neither could
read nor write, they both held a strong desire to see their son succeed
academically. Woodson's father would teach him that, "learning to accept
insult, to compromise on principle, to mislead your fellow man, or to
betray your people, is to lose your soul".
In a large and poor family, young Woodson states that he was brought up
without the "ordinary comforts of life". Often he was forced to miss
schooling in order to help work on the family farm. Yet determined to
complete his young education, Woodson began upon a process of
self-teaching away from the classroom. Ever seeking to learn, Woodson
moved with his brother to Huntington, West Virginia, where they hoped to
attend the Douglass High School. However, Woodson found himself earning
a living as a miner in Fayette County coalfields just to feed himself.
And he was able to devote only a few months each year to his schooling.
But again never giving up, in 1895 and at the age of twenty-one Woodson
entered Douglass High School and earned his diploma in two years.
>From 1897 to 1900, Woodson began teaching in Winona, Fayette County. In
1900, he returned to Huntington to become the principal of Douglass H.S.
and received his Bachelor of Literature degree from Berea College,
Kentucky. From 1903 to 1907, he was a school supervisor in the South
Pacific islands of the Philippines. Later he traveled throughout Europe
and Asia and studied at the famed Sorbonne University in Paris. In 1908,
this son of former slaves received his M.A. from the University of
Chicago, and in 1912, a Ph.D. in history from Harvard University.
During his travels and studies Woodson began to develop an important
perception of history as an applicable field of study, especially for
black people. History, he would say, was not the mere gathering of facts
and data. One did not know simply for the sake of knowing. The object of
historical study Woodson contended was to come to a reasonable
interpretation of the facts through critical analysis. History be
believed was more than political and military records of peoples and
nations. It must include some description of the social conditions of
the period being studied. In this way Woodson can said to be one of
America's first social historians, a field that is now experiencing a
great deal of attention.
Woodson was more than mere philosophy however, as he published works,
founded institutions and movements to back up his beliefs. In 1915, he
and several friends in Chicago established the Association for the Study
of Negro Life and History. The following year, the Journal of Negro
History appeared, one of the oldest learned journals in the United
States. In 1937 he published the first issue of the famous Negro History
Bulletin. But what has probably gained him most notoriety was his
establishment of Negro History Week that in later years would become
what is now known as Black History Month.
Black History Month - Carter G. Woodson, Ph.D.
Woodson wanted more education. He worked as a coal miner in Kentucky to pay
for his higher education. Later when he was qualified, he taught grade school
and later, high school students. During his summer vacations Woodson
continued his education.
Carter Woodson was a good student. He was educated at Berea College in
Kentucky. He later went to the University of Chicago where he earned his BA,
or Bachelor of Arts in 1907 and his MA or Master of Arts degree in 1908. He
earned his PhD or Doctor of Philosophy degree at Harvard University in 1912.
He also studied at the Sorbonne in Paris.
In 1915, Carter Woodson started the Association for the study of Negro Life
and History (ASNLH). He began the Association to help Black historians
uncover the history of the Black man in Africa and in America.
White historians had changed the history of the Black man. White historians
had made up untruths about the Black man so that White people, would believe
that slavery was right to enslave the Black man.
The untruths written by White historians made many Blacks believe that they
had no history. Many black people were ashamed of their race because of these
untruths.
Dr. Woodson felt it was important for Black people to know their history and
to have pride in their race. He felt that race prejudice grew from the idea
than Black people were inferior to White people, The truth about Black
history would stop the spread of racial prejudice.
Dr. Woodson said Blacks should be proud of their African ancestors. The
African had taught the modern world trial by jury, music by stringed
instruments, the domestication of the sheep and the cow, and the use of iron.
.
Click Here:
http://www.soemadison.wisc.edu/ccbc/woodson.htm
Carter G. Woodson Award
Click Here:
http://www.myflorida.com/myflorida/governorsoffice/black_history/founder.html
Governor's Office - Black History Month - Carter
Click Here:
http://www.chipublib.org/002branches/woodson/wncgwoodson.html
CPL Woodson Regional Library Carter G. Woodson
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The Great Book of Divine Code of Human Behavior Ordinances Translations of the Papyri NW, and INSA.
1. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not cause suffering to humans
2. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not intrigue by ambition
3. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not deprive a poor person of their subsistence
4. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall commit acts that are loathed by Gods
5. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not cause suffering to others
6. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not steal offerings from temples
7. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not steal bread meant for Gods
8. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not steal offerings destined to sanctify spirits
9. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not commit shameful acts inside sacro-saints of temples
10. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not sin against nature with one’s own kind
11. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not take milk from the mouth of a child
12. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not fish using other fish as bait
13. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not extinguish fire when it should burn
14. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not violate the rules of meat offerings
15. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not take possession of properties belonging to temple and Gods
16. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not prevent a God from manifesting itself
17. Commandment from the goddess NW, mother of Gods:
Thou shall not cause crying
18. Commandment from the one that strides backward and coming from the city of BAST1:
Thou shall not make scornful signs
19. Commandment from SERTIU19 coming from ANNU2:
Thou shall not get angry or enter a dispute without just cause
20. Commandment from the one who dost regard what is brought into gods and coming from PER-AMSU3:
Thou shall not be impure
21. Commandment of BABA20 coming from UAB4:
Thou shall not refuse to listen to words of justice and truth
22. Commandment of KENEMTI 21 coming from KENEMT5:
Thou shall not Blaspheme
23. Commandment coming from the God with two horns coming from SAIS6:
Thou shall not sin by excess of speech
24. Commandment from the bearer of AHI22 coming from NW:
Thou shall not speak scornfully
25. Commandment from the who makest mankind to flourish coming from SAIS:
Thou shall not curse a Divinity
26. Commandment from the NEHEB-NEFERT23 coming out of his hiding place:
Thou shall not cheat on the offering to Gods
27. Commandment from the one who dost set the heads in order coming from his alter:
Thou shall not waste the offerings to the dead
Commandment from the one who bringest the arm coming from the city of MAATI:
Thou shall not snatch food from children and thou shall not sin against the Gods of one’s city
29. Commandment from the one with white teeth coming from TA-SHE7:
Thou shall not kill divine animals with bad intentions
30. Commandment from the one who’s stride are long:
Thou shall not cheat
31. Commandment from the one is embraced by flames coming from KHER-ABA8:
Thou shall not rob or loot
32. Commandment from the FENTIU24 coming from KHEMENNU9:
Thou shall not steal
33. Commandment from the Devour of shadows coming from QERNET10:
Thou shall not kill
34. Commandment from the NEHAU25 coming from the RE-STAU11:
Thou shall not destroy offerings
35. Commandment from the God in the form of two lions coming fro the sky:
Thou shall not reduce measurements
36. Commandment from the one with the eyes of fire coming from SAUT12:
Thou shall not steal properties belonging to gods
37. Commandment from the flame that comes and goes
Thou shall not Lie
38. Commandment from the crusher of bones coming from SUTEN-HENEN13:
Thou shall not snatch away food or wealth
39. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not cause pain
40. Commandment from the one that projects flames coming from KET-PTAH14:
Thou shall not fornicate with the fornicator
41. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not act dishonestly
42. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not transgress
43. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not act maliciously
44. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not steal farmlands
45. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not reveal secrets
46. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not court a man’s wife
47. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not sleep with another’s wife
48. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not cause terror
49. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not rebel
50. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not be the cause of anger or hot tempers
51. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not act with insolence
52. Commandment from the one that commands the speech coming from the UNASET15:
Thou shall not cause misunderstanding
53. Commandment from a God of faces coming from NETCHFET16:
Thou shall not misjudge or judge hastily
54. Commandment from SEKHERIU26 coming from UTTEN17:
Thou shall not be impatient
55. Commandment from NEFERT-TMU27 coming HET-PTAH-KA14:
Thou shall not cause illness or wounds
56. Commandment from TEM28 in this hour coming from TATTU18:
Thou shall not curse a king
57. Commandment coming from the on who workest with his will coming from NW:
Thou shall not cloud drinking water
58. Commandment from NEHEB-KA29 coming from his hiding place:
Thou shall not Dispossess
59. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not use violence against family
60. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not frequent wickeds
61. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not substitute injustice for justice
62. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not commit crimes
63. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not overwork others for one’s gain
64. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not mistreat heir servants
65. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not menace
66. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not allow a servant to be mistreated by his master
67. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not induce famine
68. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not get angry
69. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not kill or order a murder
70. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not commit abominable acts
71. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not commit treason
72. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not try to increase one’s domain by using illegal means
73. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not usurp funds and property of others
74. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not seize cattle on prairies
75. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not trap poultry that are destined to Gods
76. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not obstruct water in the moment it is supposed to run
77. Commandment from the Goddess NW, mother of gods:
Thou shall not break dams that are established on current waters
End…….
1. Bast = city of cat headed fire goddess BUBASTIS in the Delta and Tarin NUBIA
2. ANNU (ANW) = name of a holy region in the mountain situated in the right side of the Nile facing MEMPHIS. Nowadays this mountain carries the name of TOURA and MASSARA
3. PA-AMSU= Flying authority. Title of TEM in MEMPHIS
4. UAB=name of the boat in the sacred lake
5. KENEMT = Nom of the upper lands with a metropolis called HAT SKHEM (called DIOSPOLIS PARVA by Greeks) known these days under the name of WHO. This city connects the ancient root from the oasis of KNEM called nowadays EL-KHARGAH
6. SAIS = capital of the Nom SAP-MEH in the lower lands
7. TA-SHE = the land of the lakes (the FAY YUN)
8. KHER-ABA- necropolis in the west of the Thebes and the territories of the actual Cairo
9. KHEMENNU-Capital of the Nom UNT (HERMOPOLITES)
10. QERNET = city of the world of the dead
11. RE-STAU= the abode of the dead
12. SAUT = Locality on the left bank of the NILE ASSIOUT is the main city of the most important MOUDIRIEH of the upper lands around the Nile. This city is dedicated to the Gods ANUIS OUP-OUAOUET (the one that opens the paths of the desert).
Because that God is worshipped in the form of a jackal or a wild dog, the Greeks assimilated it with a wolf and gave it the name LYCOPOLITES, meaning the city of wolves
13. SUTEN-HENEN= god of the inundation
14. HET-PTAH-KA=Memphis
15. UNASET = city built by the OUNAS (INUS)
16. NETCHFET – town in the Nom SETHROITES
17. UTTEN – County in the upper lands SUDANI territories
18. TATTU- place in the DUAT considered very comfortable ZION
19. SERTIU- one the 42 assessors of OSIRIS
20. BABA-first born of OSIRIS he presides over the phallus and devours the dead
21. KENEMTI-caretaker/goddess of offerings
22. AHI- to invoke, strike
23. NEHEB-NEFERT-one of the assessors of OSIRIS
24. FENTIU = the forms of the God THAUTI
25. NEHAU-(TUAT nine) - the winding or coils of AAPEP
26. SEKHERIU-one of the assessors of OSIRIS
27. NEFERT-TMU- a form of the sun –god/the son of PTAH and SEKMIT, name of the Sun-God at the second hour of the day
28. TEM (TUAT Six) one of the nine spirits who destroy the dead
29. NEHEB-KA= to yoke the ka/ to subjugate the double (a serpent god in the TUAT who provides the dead with food
Military historians say the 19th century Zulus were
among the most fearsome and disciplined infantry fighting forces ever seen.
THE ZULU NATION LINKS
IFP Speeches - 1 November 2002
The Zulus - African tribe of Shaka Zulu Battlefields Zulu Victory Martinis and the Zulu-War
Zulu War The Zulu nation had started as a small tribe THE ZULU NATION History of the Anglo-Zulu war
Zulu People Welcome to Zulu Zululand: History of the Zulu Nation U.S. Navy: The meaning of "Zulu"
USATODAY.com - Understanding and using Zulu time Buffalo Soldiers at Alcatraz; One of Them is a Zulu Prince - 1899
Lord of the Sky-King of the Earth: Zulu traditional religion and belief in the sky god
Credo Mutwa: Zulu Shaman on Reptilians in Africa Great Zulu Shaman And Elder Credo Mutwa - David Icke E~Magazine
South
Africa: Zulu BATTLE SITES DRAW TOURISTS
ISANDLWANA, South Africa (AP) --Nearly 80 Zulu warriors wearing armbands
of white goat fur and loincloths of antelope tails race down the
battlefield of Isandlwana screaming and slapping their wooden clubs
against their cowhide shields to rouse themselves for battle.
In the summer heat, two dozen red-coated British soldiers wait in two
orderly lines, one kneeling and one standing behind. They fire and
reload and fire again -- all in vain as they are surrounded,
overwhelmed, clubbed to death or run through with spears.
Thousands of spectators burst into applause.
The annual January festival at Isandlwana just might be the world's most
colorful combat re-enactment, though it memorializes a brutal, bloody
battle in 1879 that left thousands dead in just a few hours, many in
close-quarters, spear-against-bayonet fights.
"It's a story of sheer bravery on both sides, but it's hell," says Rob
Gerrard, a British historian based at the Isandlwana Lodge.
Isandlwana is only one of dozens of battlefields in South Africa's
KwaZulu-Natal province, the scars of vicious battles for land waged
through much of the 19th century -- the Boer against the Zulu, the Zulu
against the British and the British against the Boer.
Memorials, museums, re-enactments
Nearly 31,000 foreign tourists come each year to the battlefields. Most
are from Britain, where the sites still stir reminders of the colonial
past. But other tourists come as well.
Officials in KwaZulu-Natal hope the battlefields and re-enactments will
bring more tourism, creating jobs and helping to rescue the province's
faltering economy.
"We want to do everything possible to use the war to put food on the
table," says Gugu Ngcobo, director of the KwaZulu-Natal Arts and Culture
Trust. "It is a great inheritance our ancestors left us."
Many tourists visit the Siege Museum in Ladysmith, where the British
were surrounded for 118 days during the Anglo-Boer war at the beginning
of the 20th century. The howitzers that defended the town now stand
guard over town hall.
They visit Blood River, and see the circle of 64 life-size bronze
wagons, symbols of the fortifications used in 1838 by 460 gun-wielding
Boers to defeat 15,000 spear-carrying Zulus, whose sacrifice is honored
with a memorial across the river.
For many visitors, Isandlwana is the most emotional of the sites.
It was one of Britain's most humiliating defeats, its Little Big Horn, a
scene of bad decisions, inattentiveness and inexperience.
The annual festival, however, is more of a celebration, an ode to "the
Zulu heritage, the military tactics the Zulu employed," Ngcobo says.
Thousands of people, mostly locals, gathered for this year's
re-enactment. Many stood in the hot sun, others sat on lawn chairs under
giant umbrellas, drinking beer from coolers.
Living history
Hundreds of Zulus showed up to participate. Many wore traditional
loincloths and headbands and toted full body shields made of jackal,
impala, leopard and goat skins -- though they eschewed the Zulus'
barefoot tradition for sneakers.
Others, like Joseph Khanyle, 55, couldn't afford the outfit. He carried
a shield and spear, but wore a red golf shirt, jeans, green sneakers and
a blue baseball cap turned backward.
Alas, only those in traditional dress were allowed to take on the
redcoats, played by a local group of war re-enactors.
The ersatz battle, which took place on a small field a fraction of the
size of the original area, was over in minutes as the Zulu overran the
British.
Roughly 1,400 British soldiers and their allies were killed January 22,
1879, in what is generally viewed as a colossal disaster. Estimates of
Zulu dead range from 1,000 to 3,000.
The British had just entered Zululand after Zulu King Cetshwayo refused
to capitulate to a set of strict demands. Certain of easy victory, the
British set up an unfortified camp at the base of the small Isandlwana
Mountain.
Most of the force headed into the mountains in search of a Zulu army
that, in reality, was in a ravine just a few miles away. Some 20,000
warriors attacked the exposed camp in the classic "horns of the buffalo"
formation developed by Shaka Zulu decades before.
Running down the mountains, screaming war chants, the main force -- the
head and the chest of the buffalo -- attacked head on, while the left
and the right horns swept around the camp, encircling it and cutting off
any retreat.
During the battle, the plain fell into the near darkness of a partial
eclipse.
The area now is covered with memorial obelisks to the dead and stacks of
white rocks that mark where the British bodies were found. Recently, a
Zulu memorial in the shape of a traditional victory necklace was added.
The day after the raucous re-enactment at Isandlwana, a more somber
ceremony was held a few miles away at Rorke's Drift.
There, within hours of the Isandlwana battle, the pain of the British
defeat was tempered when just over 100 redcoats hidden behind rough
fortifications of corn sacks and biscuit tins held off roughly 4,000
Zulus for about 12 hours overnight.
Today, a museum occupies what was once the camp hospital -- where six
volunteers defended the wounded in room-to-room skirmishes with invading
Zulus.
Outside, lines of stones mark the tiny area where the corn and biscuit
walls stood and 11 soldiers won Britain's highest award for gallantry,
the Victoria Cross.
* March 29, 1959 – Barthelemy
Boganda (Central African Republic); President; killed by bomb planted on
plane.
* January 13, 1963 – Sylvanius Olympio (Togo), President; killed by coup makers.
* January 15, 1966 – Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (Nigeria) Prime Minister, Nigeria; killed by coup makers.
* July 29, 1966 – Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi (Nigeria ), military head of State; killed by coup makers.
* September 6, 1966 – Hendrik Verwoerd (South Africa), Prime Minister; shot by gunman in parliament.
* October 15, 1969 – Abdirashid Shermarke (Somalia), President; assassination.
* November 23, 1974 – Aman Michael Andom (Ethiopia), head of State; executed by firing squad.
* April 13, 1975 – FrancBy DAVID MACHARIAois Tombalbaye (Chad), President; killed by coup makers.
* August 27, 1975 – Haile Selassie (Ethiopia), head of State; forcefully suffocated during detention.
* February 13, 1976 – Murtala Mohammed (Nigeria), military head of State; assassination.
* February 3, 1977 – Tefere Bante (Ethiopia), head of State; executed by firing squad.
* March 19, 1977 – Mariem Ngouabi (Republic of Congo), President; killed by coup makers.
* October 28, 1977 – Ali Sohili (Comoros), President; killed by coup makers.
* August 3, 1979 – Francisco Macias Nguema (Equatorial Guinea), President; killed by coup makers.
* April 12, 1980 – William Tolbert (Liberia), President; killed by coup makers.
* October 6, 1981 – Anwar Sadat (Egypt), President; shot dead by militant Muslim soldiers.
* October 19, 1986 – Samora Machel (Mozambique), President; killed in plane crash when pilot was misdirected by false radio beacon.
* October 15, 1987 – Thomas Sankara (Burkina Faso), military head of State; killed by coup makers.
* November 27, 1989 – Ahmed Abdallah (Comoros), president; killed by coup makers.
* September 5,1990 – Samuel Doe (Liberia ), President; mutilated, killed by rebel leader Prince Johnson.
* June 29, 1992 – Muhammad Boudiaf ( Algeria), President; killed by assassin.
* October 21, 1993 – Melchior Ndadaye ( Burundi), President; killed by Tutsi army paratroopers.
* April 6, 1994 – Juvenal Habriarimana (Rwanda), President; killed by missile attack on incoming plane.
* April 6, 1994 – Cyprien Ntaryamira (Burundi), President; killed by missile attack on incoming plane.
* April 7, 1994 – Agathe Uwilingiyimana (Rwanda), Prime minister; killed by Hutu militiamen.
* April 9, 1999 – Ibrahim Bare Mainassara (Niger ), President; shot dead during attempted army coup.
* January 16, 2000 – Laurent Kabila (Democratic Republic of Congo), President; shot by bodyguard.
Source: Africa Almanac.com research
BLACK INDIAN MEXICO
During the three centuries of Spanish rule the Indian nation of Mexico
was culturally and politically more enriched by the over 300,000 African
slaves brought by the Spaniards than by the Spaniards. Few Spaniards
came to stay. By the time of the 1810-1821 Mexican war for independence
Afro-Mexicans had largely intermarried and merged their numbers with the
urbanized of the Indians. Together, they formed the bulk of the
coalition that comprised the new nation's activist poor.
Culturally, Blacks and Indians built a mixed
race life-style
during colonial times. Once liberated from Spanish rule, Mexico
flowered. Today, we can look back and see that in addition to Indigenous
food, drink, clothing, colorful art and legends, multiracial Mexico has
an African contribution that includes much of nation's great music,
including the song and dance La Bamba. Recent studies also show a
substantial African influence upon Mexican cuisine, language,
literature, history writing, art, religious observances, medical
practices and magic rites. Black Indian Mexico also produced for the
nation, 4 presidents, 2 heroes to name states after, 17 to name cities
after, and many more to get streets and statues.
The distinctive culture and militant political
history of Mexico
is the product of multiculturalism in action. Recent studies show that
the mixed African/Indian family has been essential in this development.
Africans, Indians, and the sizable number of Asians in old Mexico, along
with a few poor whites, worked together to create a distinct national
identity. The Spanish rulers and their White Mexican elite allies wanted
to recreate Europe in the new world. The Spaniards and the light hued
Mexican elite repressed culture that was expressly Indigenous, African
or Asian. However, left relatively unchecked was a new synthesized
merged culture. Those who lived its lifestyle came to like it, and to
champion it in many political struggles over the past few centuries.
Sometimes the cause seems to be "Indigenismo," other times it seems
"Mexicanismo," and in 2001 Subcomandante Marcos said as he entered
Mexico City that he came "for all the people who are the color of the
earth." See the book by the author of
this web page, Ted Vincent, The Legacy of Vicente Guerrero: Mexico's
First Black Indian President - University Press of Florida, 2001.
From:
kdiarchitecture@aol.com
Subject: Is the name "Africa" correct?
I heard recently that the name we use for our motherland -- "Africa"-
was
actually named after "Leo Africanus" , a greek "conqueror". Does anyone
else
have any information on this subject? In addition, what is an accepted
indigenous name of the great continent?
For a guy that is not a history buff, I feel unqualified to answer this
question. But since it is an interesting one, I would like to state
the little I know from readings - facts or fiction - you be the judge !!!
First, the greatest of all the continents (Africa, as it is known today) has
no name in the beginning. However there are many school of thoughts as
to how the current name was orginated. I will come back to that later.
Second, Leo's name could not have been the source of the name, considering
that he was born many light years after the name has already become
household word, at least to the Romans and Greeks. Leo discovered the
desert route to Timboktu (in present day Mali) and helped European bandits
to finally make their way to that portion of Africa for the purpose of
finding the route to go looth the Gold Coast (Ghana). 'Nuff said !!!
Story had it that after the Roman Empire crushed Carthage (Tunisia), they
wanted to consolidate or amalgamate all of their territories (scattered all
over North Africa) into a single command & control, hence the search for a
new name. One source has it that they christianed their new conquests
with the name of a loyal Berber tribe called AFARI (south west of modern day
Mejez el-Bab, Tunisia). The term Africa first became widely acceptable
after the Romans were successful in using it as a replacement for the word
"Libya" or Lubins in the Bible's book of Genesis. As the Roman Empire
continued to expand their influence in the region, by the 1st Century AD, el
Afriqia or Ifriqiya (arabic for Africa) had become synonymous with the
entire continent.
In conclusion, let me leave you with the United Nation's (UNESCO) own
authoritative writing on the subject matter :
Geographically, Libya meant only the north coast of the continent and at
first, so did Africa. By the end of the first century A.D., Africa came
to mean the entire continent. The etymology, the origin of the term
Africa is not so precisely agreed upon and, according to UNESCO, its
origin is credited to one of seven theories:
The Afarak, also known as the Aourigha, were a Berber people who lived
south of Carthage. The terms Afarik or Africa were used to denote the
land of the Afarak.
Some believe that the word comes from the Latin adjective aprica
which means sunny or the Greek aprike, which means free from cold.
The Phoenician root faraqua, which suggests a separation or in other
words, diaspora. The same root is found in some African languages,
like Bambara.
In Sanskrit and Hindu, the root Apara or Africa denotes that which, in
geographical terms comes "after," or in other words the west. From the
geographical position of India, the Asian country from which the
Hindus originated, Africa is the western continent.
Another school of thought states that the word Africa comes from two
Phoenician terms, one of which means an ear of corn, which was a
symbol of fertility in that region, and the other Pharikia, which means land
of the fruit.
A historical tradition states that a Yeminiter chief named Africus
invaded north Africa in the second millennium before our era and
founded a town called Afrikyah. Some say it is more likely that the Arabic
term Ifriqiya is the Arabic translation of the word "Africa."
Another theory states that Afer was a grandson of Abraham and a
companion of Hercules.
Chuks D. Eleonu <eleonu_net@yahoo.com
From the Centre for Advanced
Studies of African Society (CASAS)
P.O. Box 352
Plumstead, 7801
Cape Town
South Africa
Tel. +27-21-762 4454
Fax +27-21-762 4452
E-mail bankie@casas.co.za <mailto:bankie@casas.co.za>
Website http://www.casas.co.za <http://www.casas.co.za>
Find following:-
Arab culture and African culture:
Ambiguous Relations. *
By Prof. Helmi Sharawy (arc@ie.eg.com),
Director, Arab Research Centre
for
Arab-African Studies & Documentation (ARAASD), Cairo, Egypt
In this essay ,we intend to show that , despite the profoundness of
the
intercourse between Arab culture and black ,bantu or nilothique
cultures,
big or secondary, the relations between these two cultural worlds
continue
to be among the most instable. We say amongst the very instable,
because
various parts of the continent witness or have witnessed other
instabilities
known to those who are informed of conflicts, such as those opposing
the
Hausa to their neighbours in West Africa, and the conflicts affecting
the
Bantu and nilothic ethnic groups in Central Africa, the Saharoui and
other
groups. These conflicts were transformed into military clashes in
some
areas, like in the Sudan or Maghreb , despite the common cultural
roots of
the parties involved.
If we see in the ambiguous character of the relations between the Arab
and
other African cultures, not an isolated case , but the manifestations
of a
general phenomena , we could easily situate our study as a case
study - a
case which will be transformed into a general vision of the African
situation ,seen in the light of the tensions in the international
scene.
In this study, we start from the evidence and the richness of the
intercourse between the Arab and the African cultures, from which both
have
gained mutually during a long period of time; and despite the troubles
that
appeared, sometimes in these relations, they never stopped showing, by
events, that they were a true expression of the latent manifestation
of the
people and could serve as a tool to understand Africa. That is what
the
cultural, social and intellectual products, as well as the creations
of the
two parties confirm.
But we will not limit our study to pointing out the richness of the
intercourse, because we consider that the signs of ambiguity,
amazingly
confirm the profoundness of the relations. Our objective is therefore
to
come to a conclusion, which would assist in handling issues of
globalisation, which is a merciless reality all have to deal with.
Many of
the issues frequently raised in the paper, could serve to resolve
major
problems. The world cultural space has not been destroyed by the
ambition of
domination and monopolisation of the centre. And it is not by chance
that
the slogans of the cold war in its economical, social and military
aspects
have given way to the concept of the clash of civilisations; a concept
which
once again is explained as a conflict opposing the centre to the
periphery
and, the centre to all the "others". This in reality represents a
manipulation of the idea of the 'theory of dependence', concerning
precisely
the cultural issue. If the troubles effecting the cultural relations
between
the countries of the periphery are not solved, that would result in
the
disappearance of their individual identity. This is what the South
risks if
it does not implement a wise policy of cultural and civilisational
interaction. It is not by chance that the 'migration to the South'
begins in
spring.
The political culture
The political culture of a society finds expression through the
dialectic of
the representations which it has of its history and the education of
successive generations, thus developing the national identity. It
depends
also on the degree of mobilisation of the society and individuals to
defend
their culture, which is embedded in their linguistic patrimony,
popular
traditions and the arts and literature.
* This paper is extracted from the book 'The Dialogue between the Arab
culture and other cultures', published in Tunis in 1999 by the Arab
League,
Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation (ALECSO), P.O. Box
1120,
Tunis, Tunisia (Tel. 784-466, Fax 2161784965)
Arab ethnography, or what has come to be called travel stories, has
surveyed
African political structures such as empires, states, political
regimes and
the history and transformation of political conflicts and their
consequent
power shifts. It has also studied the less important features, which
the
Europeans also observed in their period of expansion - which they
called
anthropology, which modern African elites adopted which represented
African
societies as stateless, classless, segmented and tribal societies
etc.
Since the European interpretation of African culture dominated 19th
century
thinking, with its pseudo-literature on the "discovery of Africa",
European
logic was put to service the economic and political interests of
colonialism, resulting in a modern vision, based on a war-like view of
African tribal society. This ideology aimed to be representative of
the
whole continent, and served therefore to explain events right up to
the most
recent in Africa (Mafeje, 1971). During a long period of time, African
thinking used this European anthropology and its functionalists
stereotypes;
but it could also not ignore the "historical facts" about Africa's
disappeared empires and states, often used to justify theories about
the
destruction of Africa by the Arabs through religion and slavery etc.
The
Ghana empire destroyed by regional tensions(11th -12th centuries ),
and the
Muslim empire of Mali, became the illustrations of the dramatic
consequences
of the Arab presence in Africa. It is unfortunately this vision which
dominates African political culture today.
When it became independent, Ghana, the "black star", was cherished
because
of its rejection of the colonial name"Gold Coast", but also as an
example of
the rejection of Muslim/Arab cultural domination, which culture is
still
alive in Senegal and Mali. The African political culture has not, in
that
respect, been careful enough in avoiding the dangers of denying the
historicity of the African cultures, despite the fact that the Arab
historical sources, used by the Europeans, could have been an African
reference point, because the Arab presence in Africa did not result in
the
social and political degradation of the African entity, as had
happened
under European colonisation.
The association of commercial activity with the expansion of the
Muslim
faith was, in a particular Arabo-African context, an example of
regional and
continental interaction, as compared with the colonial exploitation of
the
Europeans which used guns, the Church and the "civilising mission of
Europe". Everybody has certainly read the important book of Edward
Blyden
Christianity, Islam and the black race. This Afro-American writer, one
of
the founders of Liberia, used black concepts. He was far from being
an
admirer of Arabs, indeed he is hostile to them in his other books
(Blyden
1887). More important than Blyden, in this regard, because of his
contribution to modern political culture was Walter Rodney, historian
and
political leader, who saw in history the appropriate politics to shape
the
struggle against colonialism. That was why this great historian was
engaged
in the project of popularising the history of the great African
kingdoms
and empires, such as Benin and Zimbabwe, as well as many other
countries,
which one cannot accuse the Arabs of having destroyed, since those
countries
were European creations (Rodney 1972).
I would say that the African ambiguity is in ascendancy now and that
one
should expect that its significance will decrease in the future. The
fact
that wise political leaders as Nkrumah and Cabral and others have
'shown the
way', should make things easier in future. Unfortunately, the same
optimism
does not exist when it comes to Arab culture. There is no effort by
the
Arabs to move away from their backward view of Africa towards a
modernist
vision. The edification of nation States in Arab North Africa did not
result
in emancipating Arab political thought from its historico-religious
interpretations - source of various ambiguities - in order to
guarantee a
base for an unequivocal interaction with Africa.
In that sense, instead of keeping faith with the spirit of the
liberation
movements and using the affinities created with African movements,
which
would have helped revise the colonial concepts of the intellectual
elites
and thus build a national project, Arab thinking has perpetuated the
ideological apparatus of the Oummah and the mission (Risala) of Islam,
thus
maintaining through the history, the traditional religious sacred
thinking
and writings. When it did not adopt this backward looking attitude,
Arab
political thought used western anthropology, falling therefore under
the
intellectual hegemony of the west. In both instances, the attitudes
confirm
the divorce between Arab North Africa and sub-Saharian Africa, though
the
Sahara has been for more than a 1000 years , the meeting point of the
two
cultures.
In an epoque, when slogans repeat the refrains of national liberation,
and
Afro-Arab solidarity, Africa-Arab culture is dealing with notions cut
out
from their African and European context, which inhibits a positive
interaction between Arab and African cultures. This uncertainty and
lack of
confidence between past and present can be perceived in Arab
literature over
the last fifty years. The academic publications on Africa have titles
such
as: Egypt and its mission by Hucin Mo'niss (1955), The expansion of
Islam
and Arabia in Africa of Hassan Ibrahim (1957), The expansion of Islam
and
the Arab culture in Africa by Hassan Ahmed Mahmood (1957), The
expansion of
Islam in Africa by Yussef Fathi Hassan (1979), or on the same theme,
The
historical roots of Afro-Arab relations by Zakaria Kassem (1975), The
expansion of Islam in Africa by Jamel Abbes , and The first years of
the
Maghrebian rule in the western Sudan by Mohammad Al Maghrebi (1982).
The problem with this literature is that it departs from an ahistoric
vision
of a continent without any culture and civilisation, which received
Islam
and the Arab culture, or which resisted them without any interaction.
We
have analysed the content of these books in a study entitled: "The
image of
the African in the Arab intelligentsia" (Sharawy 1996) in which we
show the
duality in the Arab cultural scene, between acceptance and rejection
of the
African. This duality is due in my opinion, to the Arabs ahistoric
view of
their heritage, which they want to perpetuate on the one hand (Omotoso
1975), but also and more importantly to the influence of western
anthropology, an influence which is also at play with the African
intellectual, which troubles the vision of all parties.
One should interrogate other sources of knowledge, like educational
programs, academic specialities, and European pedagogical traditions,
in
order to discover the endless papers on the "discovery of Africa", and
Egyptian " geographical prospecting" in Africa , as well as other
visions,
which fit within the European approach, but are contrary to the
reality of
coexistence between Arabs and Africans on the same continent for
thousands
of years.
It is probably the hegemony of the alternative geographic and historic
schools in the different phases of academic studies, and in the field
of
conceptualising educational programs, that have hidden the role of
politics
in treating the issues related to modern Africa's political and social
structures , treatment that started in the 1960s (Aouda 1975) ,but
deviated
in the 70s into studies such as "the Africans and the Arabs", dealing
mostly
with issues such as "Afro-Arab solidarity", after the 1973 War (Centre
for
Arab Unity Studies 1983 ,Raouf Abbes 1987 ,Ijlal Ra'fat 1994). This
is what
maintains an ambiguous duality in Afro-African relations, with
disastrous
consequences for the few possibilities of a cultural dialogue between
Arabs
and Africans.
The oral and written traditions
In the dialogue of cultures, mechanisms which favour reciprocal
attraction
or rejection, assimilation or proscription, are numerous and
crystallise in
new cultural formations through translations , edition and writing.
Other formations are the result of the interaction, over time, of
languages
and dialects. Arabs for instance do not deny the importance of their
contacts with the old Greek culture and the eminent role which
translation
played in the genesis of a culture that is in part the result of these
contacts. At the same time Africa cannot ignore the value of the Arab
contribution, in connection with the use of Arabic characters by many
African languages, which is confirmed by many European, African and
Arab
sources, sources listed by the Arab League Organisation for
Education,
Culture and Sciences (1984), which constitute 30 titles.
We do not intend to elaborate once again the importance of the
linguistic
dimension in studying cultural identity, or the tensions which exist
and the
forces at work both from within and from outside. We do not either
want to
belabour the crucial role of the history of linguistics in the vision
one
must have of the cultural and social history of one or more groups of
people. But one should understand that the presence or absence of this
factor in the analysis of the interaction with the African countries
is not
an accident (Ehret 1968).
Historians like Ki- zerbo or Ogot ,who are both eminent specialists of
African history , argue that this historical dimension is the key to
African
languages, while a great anthropologist like Prah, considers that
African
languages are essential components of their societies. Prah tends to
regroup these languages in families and denies the thesis of 'The
Tower of
Babel' of African languages. He does not attach much importance to the
historicity of these languages and argues that their transcription
from
their oral status could be used as a basis to study societies and
social
relations, (K.Prah 1997).
For us the issues raised, form the basis of the African identity, seen
from
the point of view of history and from the vision of European
anthropology,
thus raising the thesis of the destruction of the African entity under
the
European occupation. One must say that, all these authors rarely
referred to
the study of relations between Arabs and Africans.
The approach adopted by most, in my opinion, ignores important Arab
and
African references which if adopted would have helped the African
party to
better understand the issue of identity. They should have studied
these
references and studied them profoundly, as they did the thesies
developed by
European anthropology. I would like once again to underline the
importance
of the Arab ethnology know as the travellers literature, which has
been
translated by the Europeans. The importance of the Arabo-African
text,
which came before western anthropology, comes from its fidelity to the
African spirit which is expressed in it. The literature of Jihad is
an
example of converging views between Arabs and Africans since the
Wahhabit
School and Ottoman Ibn Fouda. Ibn Fouda extends the duty of Islamic
Jihad
to tribal and regional conflicts in the Western Sudan (Ibn Fouda
1977). But
the most convincing example is probably the history of the African
manuscripts written in more than thirty languages using Arabic
characters.
The first comments from African researchers on the issue, do not
reflect the
body of shared experience, due to inattentiveness or naivete,
according to
their appreciation. This negative appreciation fragilises one of the
most
important parts of the debate on identity. A quick review of the Arab
sources concludes that they do not contribute any additional
appreciation to
the issues. The Arabs seem to have been more preoccupied with
expressing
their own identity, which they isolate from other identities, because
of the
conflicts that occurred with the European and Ottoman entities etc, or
again
because of the chauvinistic tendencies within the League of Arab
States.
Due to all these reasons and many others, they only have been
interested in
their own image. They tried to come forward only with their own
problems,
ignoring those of others. We have seen the negative consequences of
this
behaviour in connection with the Arab influence and the spread of Arab
culture. This also effected matters of linguistic tradition.
Nobody would deny the role Arab States have played in safeguarding
Arabic
manuscripts and documents. There exists a well-known Institute
affiliated to
the Arab League and the Arab Organisation for Education, Culture and
Science
where these papers are kept. There are also efforts made by
specialised
institutions in this domain, which have relations with some African
national
institutions, in Mauritania, Tomboctou, Kano, and Zanzibar.
But these contacts did not intend to compile a list or index of
African
manuscripts written in Arabic characters into French, English or
Arabic in
order to make them usable by African, European or Arab researchers, to
facilitate an understanding of African linguistic tradition and its
social
and historical roots. At the beginning of the 19th century, a
discovery of
a single text written on a stone, made it possible to know the history
of an
entire civilisation, which constituted the basis of humanity: the
Egyptian
ancient civilisation. Likewise Persian and Turkish histories live on
the
knowledge of their past, still written in Arabic characters and
continue to
dialogue with the Arab culture, sometimes harmoniously, other times in
tension, within the context of neighbourly relations. Why has the
African
experience not drawn inspiration from these examples, and why did the
Arabs
not help to achieving that goal?
The problem, I believe resides in the issue of how to present ajami
(African
texts written in Arabic characters) to the Arabs themselves. Those who
discovered these texts have only been sensitive to some of its parts,
that
could provoke Africans by promoting the propaganda of Islam and the
Arab
cause, by way of the religious poetry. This of course does not help
the aim
of finding the historical and social dimensions of these traditions
and
therefore justifying the hard task required in order to discover and
revive
them. Some Arab institutions, which have worked directly on these
sources,
were unfortunately unable to free themselves from a naive approach.
Al-Furkan Publishers in London, who publish thousands of Arab
manuscripts,
sometimes from African sources, do not go further than mentioning that
there
are some African manuscripts written in Arabic characters (Sidi Amor
Ben
Ali, 1996-1997), without making any attempt to make them better known.
When
some Arab institutions decided to publish some African manuscripts, in
order
to make them available to modern researchers, they limited the work to
reproducing some religious texts and poems without translating them
into any
languages.
These publishers probably wanted to make the texts available at
popular
level, which is the correct level, when considering the African scene
today,
although no research has been done on the number of potential African
readers at popular level (which is generally an illiterate level) of
Arabic
texts. We think that the effectiveness of the publication of those
institutions must be questioned, because we are aware of the other
attempts
made to reach the public able to read in African languages written in
Arabic
characters, in the form of daily newspapers in Wolof published before
and
still published today by the Party of Cheikh Anta Diop in Senegal.
I
do
also have in my possession some posters of the African Commission for
Human
and Peoples Rights in Gambia, posters which aim to promote human
rights in
simple English slogans, plus formulations in local languages written
in
Arabic characters, addressed principally to women considered to
constitute
the base of popular culture, and the advanced guard of the new
movement of
emancipated women. All theses facts and issues should engage the mind
of the
African intellectual, in relation to his languages written in Arabic
characters.
Panafrican culture and the culture of the national emancipation.
Arab culture and African thinking have been influenced, in the
different
phases of their historical interaction, by the two tendencies of
panafricanism and national emancipation, which due to their various
characteristics sometimes converged and diverged. This history has
been
marked by a lack of common will to adopt a cultural policy and to move
to
positive forms of interaction. Because of numerous historical reasons,
the
African way of thinking stressed emancipation, while the Arab
culture
focused on liberation, which resulted in Africans, through the
panafrican
experience, indulging in romantic introversion, illustrated by groups
of
intellectuals, writers, poets and philosophers (Blyden , Senghor ,
Nkrumah).
We have even seen some political leaders preoccupied with leading
their
people to independence using this philosophy. This situation
translated
itself into the policies of some African states towards "others", who
were
treated as foreigners, whether they were Arabs or European
colonialists.
The panarabist movement essentially prolonged the Islamic reform, even
though it could claim a long, rich tradition, inheriting from what the
Oummah had as the holiest in Islam and Arab tradition. Panarabism
remains
concerned with the external, preoccupied in dealing with the others
-successively the Ottomans and the Europeans colonizers. The
theologists
(Al-Afghani) and the warriors (Aziz Masri-Nasser) who stood for this
vision
accentuated its political premises and degraded its cultural
dimension,
though the cultural part has also been used to support political
aspirations
(Sati, Alhussari). All this detracted from the significance of culture
in
the process of national liberation.
In both cases, the cultural tradition has had the tendency to
priviledge
exclusion in the first place, and to revindicate new affinities
thereafter.
Africans have in this regard revived, as they still do, their links
with the
Afro-American diaspora, and Arabs renewed contact with the Asians
despite
their contrasted cultures. What impact did the two regions effected by
this
study feel as a result of their different genisis and evolution in the
past
and today?
No doubt slavery in Africa explains the tendency towards national
emancipation and continues to influence the African national
liberation
movement. The enslavement of more than 50 million Africans and their
transfer to the Americas and to Europe, a process under which half the
slaves died in passage, raises the problem of Arab slavery and the
non-interdiction of this practice by Islam, which is a widespread
religion
in Africa. There is no need for reminder of the role of European
culture in
creating confusion between the two areas and the exploitation of
cultural
information against Arabs. This situation aggravated the bleeding
wounds,
and created the emancipation movement and the exclusion (of 'others')
tendency. As a result, the idea of ethiopianism was born in the late
19th
century, and associated itself to the Black Church, to support
specific
aspects of continental unity based on ethnicity and shared experience
(Geiss
1968).
Cesaire and Senghor created the idea of negritude to define terrain
and to
define the African identity in its roots, from the first millenium of
its
history (that of its common history with Arabs). This identity
expressed
through emotion, movement, poetry, dance and effect accentuated the
difference with Arabs and Europeans (Senghor 1964). When Nkrumah
raised the
issue of conscience and Sekou Toure the notion of African personality,
they
did not move far away from this vision, though they deepened the
notion of
national liberation and not the notion of emancipation, diverging on
what
position to adopt towards western imperialism.
Many of the African analysts hide the complicity between Arabs and
Africans
in the slave trade and do not situate it in its social context; even
though
there exist numerous important studies concerning the economic and
social
precapitalist context, which witnessed the development of this
practice; a
context that had nothing to do with the European capitalism model
which
later submerged Africa. Certain of the studies were written by African
historians of great cultural and political standing (Rodney 1969).
Many also
are those who neglected the solidarity between Arab and African
national
liberation movements especially within the Nkrumahist and Nasserist
streams
and others, within the first period of Independence. If this
fraternity had
been known, it would have avoided the stories of the Arab slave trade
and
would have replaced a partisan view with a more just image, the one of
militant support within the ranks of the Liberation Committee and the
defending of Lumumba (Sharawy 1987).
The Arabs have been preoccupied with rejecting the accusation of
slavery,
trying to deny a social manifestation which occurred in all societies.
Objective history has clearly shown the role of this practice in
Arab-feudal
society, which had millions of European, Asian and African slaves.
History
has also shown the role of the African tribes in furnishing to the
European
slave trade companies millions of slaves, which lead to the
destruction of
the ancient African States, which were replaced by a narrow tribal
ideology.
Instead of rallying against feudalism and imperialism, the involved
parties
are engaged in a finger-pointing exercise of justification and a
struggle
without respite, which moderated in the 1960's only to intensify again
during the era of petro-dollars, despite claims of Afro-Arab
co-operation
and solidarity in the Arabo-African era!
Since I am the guest here of an Arab organisation, I would like to
direct my
criticism at Arab intellectuals, who carry a certain blame for having
failed
to build a political culture able to constitute a basis of dialogue
between
Arab and African cultures. Why was the Arab intellectual seduced by
European
information organs, to the point that they have praised the person and
poetry of Senghor, who propounded a theory of exclusion and rupture in
relations with Africa, whatever respect we might have for his
creativity,
and who the University of Cairo awarded a doctorate 'honoris causa'?
At the
same time the Arab culture ignored the role of the great intellectual
and
political leader Cheikh Anta Diop, who struggled to establish the
African
origin of Egyptian culture (Diop 1975) and made this thesis the
starting
point of his project for the African Federation?
The Arabs for their part are not interested in the dynamic journalist
Mohamed Ali Dos of Sudanese/Egyptian origin, who participated during
the
first half of this century in the movement for African unity. Why did
the
Arab intellectual ignore and not want to popularise the African
critique of
the isolationist negritude theory, made by the African intellectuals
such as
E. Maphehlele (1962)?
Why did we ignore and not translate, the ideas of the militant Joseph
Garang
on the situation in South Sudan, in the context of a united national
democratic Sudan, until he was executed by Numeri in 1971 (Garang
1971)?
The flagrant absence of the various elements of political culture
necessary
to establishing a profound dialogue, could be explained by the lack of
a
social and democratic conception of unity and complimentarily in
diversity,
especially as regards autocratic regimes, vassal states and social
structures, as well as populist charasmatic leaders, without a popular
and
cultural base. This had an influence on the Afro-Asian Peoples
Solidarity
Organisation and the Non-aligned Movement, organisations that do not
give
much importance to dialogue between cultures and downplay the role of
social
movements. In that respect the African and Arab countries continue to
divide along the francophone/anglophone dichotomy, copying European
modernisation models, although they use a socialist Arab or African
discourse!
Cultural relations based on commercial exchange
From the old caravan routes determining trade relations, economic
dependency
in the 1960's, came to characterise Afro-Arab relations. This was one
of the
rare examples of a complete shift in international relations from a
cultural
to an economic relationship. The economic aspect of the relationship
had
previously been latent. Today it is dominant. In that sense the 1973
War
between the Arabs and Israel started the oil and food prices crisis
and
constituted the first manifestation of a world economic crises which
profited western capitalism. One could have guessed that this would
have
strengthened the coalition between the countries of the south, to
enable
them to collectively face the crisis and affirm their identity,
especially
in the places where there were historical links, like the Arab and
African
world. One would have hoped that Arabs and Africans would be inspired
by
the Suez crises in 1956 or the Arab position towards the racist regime
of
South Africa in 1965 etc. After all these represented, firstly the
enrichment of third world countries from their own natural resources
and,
secondly the reduction of colonial/imperial authority.
But things did not go that way. Egypt was unable to keep the benefits
from
the 1973 War. Arabs could not guarantee the control of their
resources.
Africans were unable to find a common strategy to master their
initiatives.
On the contrary , the West remained with most of the cards in its
hands and
could dictate the New Economic World Order. The international
propaganda
machine took over and the Africans joined in blaming Arabs for the
energy
crises and forced them into compensation agreements concerning the
energy
and food crises in Africa. This situation occurred in a period of the
declining influence of the national liberation movements and in the
meantime
the Arab and African worlds had witnessed radical transformations.
The proposed solutions for the crisis did not take into account the
heritage
of the panafrican movement, but brought to life the old practice of
exchange, with the Africans cutting their relations with Israel in
exchange
for financial aid, from the Arabs. One could therefore observe a
change in
the conceptual model of Afro-Arab relations. This moved from union to
liberation, common engagement, solidarity, cooperation and finally to
aid to
face crises. The big gatherings between Arab and Africans
intellectuals,
which had reviewed Afro-Arab relations (Khartoum 1976-Al Charika
1976-Cairo
1978) were hijacked by the issue of the Arab slave trade and the
responsibility of Arabs for the current crises, though some of the
participants did manifest a common aspiration for national liberation
and an
understanding of the need for a sociological redefinition of the
evolution
of Arab and African societies, a redefinition able to take into
account
common challenges and interests (Sharawy 1984). Despite that, we
should
admit that the way of thinking which had characterised exchange
relations in
the past, thereafter did not change much, so that today Afro-Arab
relations
have remained sanitised and distant, since the mid 1980's.
On top of the 'exchange relation' character of the Afro-Arab
intercourse was
added an increasing economic emphasis. We know the most important
documents
on the state of Afro-Arab relations during the period 1975-1985
consisted of
documents published by the Afro-Arab bank (BADEA). On the other hand
African and Arabic publications, whether positive or negative towards
Arabs,
seemed to focus on Arab dollars in Africa (Chibwe 1976; Bechir 1982;
Zaarour 1989). As a reaction, the conditions of the crises probably
made it
easier for some of these publications to critique in a more mature
way.
However Afro-Arab relations became those of debtor and creditor. Many
others
were trapped by their faulty understanding of history and by bad
conscience,
reviving a thinking which was widespread in the 50s and 60s. For
instance
one could see published in the 1970s academic studies from
institutions
linked with the Arab League with headlines such as The history of
Afro-Arab
relations (of the Institute of Arab Studies), followed by studies by
the
Department of Literature and Political Science of Cairo University
which
used the same world view up to 1994.
We should acknowledge that the convening in Khartoum, Cairo and Dakar,
of
six Afro-Arab meetings within 20 years, uniting Arab and African high
profiled intellectuals, has permitted a fruitful debate on the role of
intellectuals in constructing and sustaining a dialogue. We should
also
acknowledge that the predominance of economic issues, has relegated
the role
of culture and the intellectual to an inferior level. Economic
relations
have achieved, on the official level, important goals which could
produce a
serious intellectual debate, specially in Africa. In fact, the
cooperation
between Arab and African governments resulted in the UN resolution
equating
Zionism to racism in 1975. Before that, the same body adopted a
resolution
recognising the legitimacy of the armed struggle to achieve the right
to
self-determination, giving support to African and Arab liberation
movements
(1972). Despite all this, the cultural movement did not pursue the
debate on
these important issues, once the motivation of the government parties
was
weakened.
Therefore the first of the two resolutions mentioned has been
cancelled
(1991), while the second resolution lost its significance when
negotiations
started. Likewise the resolutions adopted by the intergovernmental
Afro-Arab
commissions on cultural institutions, or by other instances, have only
become operative to the extent that they feed into economic concerns.
This
could be verified with the cancellation of the project for the Afro-
Arab
Cultural Centre, a project adopted by the Organisation of the African
Unity
and the Arab League in 1984. The cooperation between the Arab
Organisation
for Education, Science and Culture (ALECSO) and the Cultural Centre of
Dakar
has been interrupted, as have since the end of the 1990's, the
activities of
the organ responsible for Arab culture in foreign countries, an organ
of
ALECSO, even though it was initially tasked to propogate Arab/Islamic
culture. On the other hand the OAU did not create any institution
dedicated
to serving the goal of cultural dialogue.
Which common cultural and intellectual spaces, could we establish in
the
Arab and African countries? If we interrogated in this respect the
intentions of the owners of the oil revenues, we would find their
strategies effected the evolution of the Afro-Arab dialogue. Even
though we
do not intend to discuss the nature of the concept of cooperation with
Africa as understood by the Gulf countries, which is another issue, we
notice their cooperation with Africa results in relations very close
to the
economic dependant model, in as far as culture is concerned. This can
be
seen in the teaching of Arabic language at certain stages in the
curriculum
of countries benefitting from substantial aid from the Gulf States. It
can
also be seen in the religious conditions linked to the aid. One can
also
site the support to certain African universities in the training of
theology
teachers and for Islamic studies in English and French, thus
illiminating
the physical presence of Arab intellectuals and excluding a cultural
interraction.
Diverse political circumstances have made it difficult to establish a
dialogue in other fields, which could have provided the opportunity
for
building an understanding between Arabs and Africans. For example,
the
conflicts in West Sahara, Chad, South Sudan and Somalia have developed
in a
direction which transformed Arab quarrels into centres of tension for
Africans on the one hand, and paralysed common institutions on the
other.
This situation developed negative perceptions of the Arab presence in
Africa, and almost destroyed the dialogue on complementarity between
the
African and the Arab worlds. It has made more difficult enlightened
sociological analysis of the regional formations of the continent.
Knowing
that the problems raised great potential for misunderstanding between
the
North and the South of the continent, one should understand that the
colonial project to turn the Sahara into a frontier cutting the North
of
Africa from the South is still alive and well, though the Sahara has
been
for centuries a place of cultural and intellectual integration.
Actually
Afro-Arab commercial exchange relations have not helped in solving
these
problems, which raises the need for a new cultural dialogue and a new
space
for reflection , in the era of globalisation that effects the African
and
Arab worlds.
The migration to the North or to the South?
The migration to the North has only been fruitful for Arabs and
Africans in
the sense that it has resulted in increased communication with the
outside
world and provided the possibility to know the "others." The
relations with
the South have been dominated by conflicts and violence imposed by
Europe
since the crusades until the colonial days. On the other hand, Arabs
penetrated into Europe through wars, which was not the case when they
came
to Africa. Lastly Africa came into contact with Europe only through
colonialism, leading to cultural dependence and domination.
The Arab progression into the South and to the Orient has always been
through commerce, religion, culture and political dialogue. Popular
and
populist cultures like Sufism and political Islam invaded the Arab
world,
then Africa from their bases in the Far-East , as did the key concepts
of
Maoist revolution and the Asian tigers. During three years
(1955-1958), the
national liberation movement, which brought a new humanism to the
world of
the oppressed, founded in Bandung, and Accra a firm internal
legitimisation
of its principles. The original response which the Non-Aligned
Movement
provided to the big issues, was very different from the thesis of the
clash
of civilisations. We remember the stimulating intellectual exchanges
which
were in bloom during that period, including within western
civilisation,
with its left and right options. That was the epoch of the rising
strength
of the national liberation movements and we were yet to see the
centralisation of the North which occurred, when the South collapsed,
failing to realise its potential.
When we look at creativity in the fields of literature, theatre,
cinema,
events as well as progress during that period in advance theory, new
writing
concepts and cultural activities, we cannot but be impressed.
Hopefully all
these may still inspire the militants of globalisation, the
specialists of
unilateral communication between civilisations. But these ideas in
those
times inspired the children of the South, who attended the people's
congresses, the youth and art festivals which took place in the
capitals
that hosted them such as Dar-Es-Salaam to Accra, Damascus, Beirut and
Algiers. Thinking back today, we are left embittered by the misery,
the
cultural and social regression, which led some to go north - not
Al-Tahtawi,
Taha Houssein, Al-Houssari, Du Bois or Ki-Zerbo, but those whose
cultural
legacy is negative. Lets put aside the debate about the ambivalent and
complex heritage of history. Sociology and political science guarantee
by
their methods greater efficiency in treating these complex issues. We
are
once again on the road of a reciprocal migration between children of
the
South.
The way ahead is not easy, and it requires the analysis of new
premises to
sustain this renewed and reciprocal journey between the children of
the
South. Firstly: an identification of the actors in the dialogue. The
conditions of the cold war and ideological conflict were imposed on
the
people of the South during a long period of time, as partners on the
international scene in joints actions with the North ,but also with
the
other people of the South. That was as natural situation in the
context of
the confrontation between blocks; but this fact did not exclude the
acknowledgement of the identity of the South on the world's scene.
That
explain why increasing attention must be given to the cultural
component in
these relations.
This obliges us to rethink our way of understanding the issue of
diversity
and the differentiation of the components of the Arab and African map,
in
order to guarantee better chances of success for a cultural and
political
dialogue based on democracy and popular participation. That is what
emerges
from the people's preoccupations and not from the options of the
elites. In
fact , the religious issue with its major ramifications and the
military
revolts in Western Africa are the results of cultural factors which
influenced the conditions of dialogue with the external world. That
is also
the case when it comes to the crises in East Africa and the search for
integration in North Africa. This is how internal conflicts within
societies
can degrade inter-regional relations. It is difficult to engage in a
dialogue without analysing first the international causes of these
crises,
because a dialogue is a cultural process that only can succeed when
certain
conditions are in place. Otherwise how do we understand that Arabs and
Africans say yes to the wars in the Sudan and the Great Lakes and at
the
same time fail to respond to the situation in West Africa? Why don't
we
worry about the cultural approach in North Africa-in Algeria for
example -
and why don't we interrogate more seriously social, and international
interference? The duty of those concerned with cultural issues and
future
cohabitation, is to look South, not North and to work towards a
terrain for
dialogue.
Secondly: About the political culture. The general concepts which
determine
the functioning of our societies need to be constantly reviewed by the
intellectuals and the leaders of the social and cultural movements,
because
there is constant external interference. In that regard, the forms of
domination relate to the domain of information, the culture of
consumption
and the free market, which effect the cultural domain and have a huge
power
to contaminate. Lets look into the concept of authenticity - and the
elements which envelop it - when we try to define it in relation to
the
notions of fundamentalism and integration. An interaction which grows
when
looked at in the perspective of a living past. It true that the
current
hegemony of globalisation has succeeded in reducing in our societies
the
nationalist and unitarian ideological visions; which makes it
difficult for
Arab and African intellectuals to engage in a dialogue, specially from
the
political/cultural point of view. Is a dialogue possible between the
African
and Arab unity movements? A dialogue which goes further than the
romantic
conceptions of these two movements? Is it possible that the
re-examination
of the foundations of the nation State will give unity a new basis and
under
new conditions? This seems to be possible from the documents published
by
the 7th Pan-African Congress held in Kampala(1994), in which took
part
hundreds of delegations, with a massive African-American presence and
the
noticeable absence of Arabs.
Taking into consideration the absence of the Arab League at this
forum, how
can we hope to establish an Afro-Arab dialogue, a dialogue that is
related
to the Arab and African political cultures? We ask this question
in
a
moment when the Pan-African movement is being moved from West Africa
to the
centre and the East, and so to speak, to the borders of the Arab world
and
its strategic limits (Nile, Red Sea). We want to remind the Arabs that
the
immediate activities of the panafrican movement raise the question of
the
European responsibility in the slave trade , but the role played by
the
Arabs will not be forgotten!
The second example, concerns the positions adopted by the African and
Arab
cultures as regards some nationalities, which by their simple
presence,
project on the international scene a concert of ideological, racial
and
confessional considerations, at a time when such considerations would
raise
reprobation and indignation in any other parts of the world. I am
referring
to the Zionist ideology which hides behind Jewish nationalism in
Israel.
The cooperation between the Zionist entity and the racist regime of
South
Africa formed the origin of an African, Arab and world resolution
identifying Zionism as a form of racism (UN 1975). The apartheid
regime of
South Africa has ended but the Zionist regime continues in the Arab
region.
How can we be credible in advocating that the modern State should not
be
based on confessional, ethnic and racial considerations, while not
addressing that issue within Africa and the Arab world? The
occurrence of
such an Afro-Arab dialogue is the only chance of establishing the
credibility of African and Arab intellectuals on the world scene, and
will
provide the opportunity to show a universal and humanist engagement.
Thirdly: The culture of development. The question of development raise
issues such as its various components - human resources, and
sustainable
development. These issues are rarely associated with regional
development,
whether it is the complementarity between regional and cultural
components
in the same country, or different economies in a wider region, in
order to
facilitate the resolution of regional conflicts. Since the cultural
debate
cannot ignore issues of development, it is time to engage a discussion
between Arab and African partners around the issue of transformation.
The
dynamic of Afro-Arab relations did not give enough importance to this
aspect, since it has been preoccupied by issues such as investments,
loans
and aid. Some Arab leaders refused to name the common bank the
Afro-Arab
Bank, preferring to use the name Arab Bank for the Development of
Africa
(B.A.D.E.A), which shows the level of the political culture and the
current
development model.
Allow me to say that complementarity of well balanced regional
development
should be our highest priority in order to resolve the problems
identified
as being obstacles to Afro-Arab understanding, which cares about
cultural
and social realities and not only about political realities. I am
referring
to the Nile region, the Horn of Africa, the Senegal Valley and the
Sahara
region. It is impossible to achieve a real cultural dialogue without
taking
into account the situation in these parts of the continent and their
social
and cultural aspects.
Fourth :The problems of educational and cultural patrimony. The
collapse of
educational systems in Africa and the Arab world does not need to be
proven,
from alphabetisation programs at the basic level to cultural
illiteracy,
which in the age of communication and advanced technologies, reduces
our
qualities as humans on the world scene. One should nevertheless admit
that
despite this situation, education seems to be a strategic
preoccupation, but
only at the level of good intentions. What content will the officials
give
to education? What ideas of the national identity will be promoted?
Which
positive or negative images will the manuals contain? Which language
will be
used, in a time of conflict between francophony and anglophony? Which
reference will be proposed to the learner and the intellectual?
The works on the promotion of African languages (Prah 1997) and the
projects
of educational reform are ready and remain in Arab desks draws since
two
decades. UNESCO has been interested in the question of the African
languages
since A. Mbow became its General Secretary and the OAU was mobilised
on the
issue since the 70s-80s. But all these efforts have suffered from the
rivalries between French speaking and English speaking countries. It
is
important though to notice that all the parties involved agree with
the use
of the Latin alphabet for the African languages, cutting therefore the
users
of these languages from their past and maintaining them in the grid of
the
European tradition.
Languages are the foundations of identity. Written languages
constitute a
patrimony which should be respected and treated with the required
objectivity. We have already mentioned the proven existence of more
than
thirty African languages, which used Arabic characters until the
European
colonial invasion. Thousands of manuscripts written in Arabic
characters
cannot be ignored. Their study requires a vast research program, a
strong
and clear will and a huge education and formation program. Lets raise
the
issue with the African intellectual familiar with the French and
English
languages; we do not believe that this will add an arabophone
component to
the conflict of interests which opposes English and French speakers!
It is
rather a cultural debate based on popular practice, because we can
observe
respectable intellectuals recognising this practice-the use of Arabic
characters- as an efficient tool of communication with the public, a
practice implemented by social and cultural organisations in West
Africa.
The Arab intellectual should bear a part of the responsibility, for
looking
at these patrimonies as a simple religious legacy and a justification
for
the Arab presence in Africa. This will not be accepted by the African
cultural entity and won't serve the interest of reform. The Arab
intellectual should replace the slogan "the African's contribution to
the
Arabo-Islamic culture" by another related to the promotion of the
African
culture and its patrimonies, with a serious dialogue on apparent
cultures.
Fifth: The role of translations and cooperation between University
institutions. Cultural interaction plays an important role in national
development; it provides the opportunity to cross-fertilize African
and
Asian cultures-including the Arab culture - the Arabia region having
witnessed intense cultural exchanges during the two last centuries.
The use
of a foreign language as a means of communication is not ideal, as the
example of Japan proves. It is necessary therefore that the Afro-Arab
dialogue gets used to the ideas and social realities of its partners
by
engaging in a big movement for the translation of each other's texts.
What
comes to the Arab world about African cultural production and what
Africans
know about Arab cultural production is so inadequate, as to paralyse
any
possibility for a real dialogue. Because of diverse reasons there are
no
exchanges between Arab and African universities or if there are, they
do not
guarantee the possibility of a dialogue within these cultures.
Lets take the example of the University of Dar-Es-Salaam which has
been for
more than two decades an important centre for African sub-Saharan
intellectuals, an example followed by Dakar and Legon in Ghana! The
North
has also done the same from Al-Azhar to Cairo and Karaouine in Fes,
Morocco;
but this era ended as intellectual rigidity set-in and these
institutions
lost contact with dynamic cultural developments elsewhere. It is
regrettable
that Afro-Arab cooperation, because of its economic focus, did not
give the
greatest importance to the cultural dimension, that is the reason why
institutions created to serve the goal of cooperation have been
completely
neutralised.
Conclusion
Keeping moving with the wind coming from the North will not guarantee
an
efficient Afro-Arab dialogue. The challenge cannot be faced by
reducing an
economical fact to a political fact. A serious rupture has taken place
and
perpetuates itself due to deliberate inaction and the resurgence of
the
influence of the North , in the era of globalisation and new
imperialism.
For this reason, for us as for the Europeans, cultural dialogue cannot
be
reduced to a calendar of periodic meetings. It requires in fact a
scientific basis, serious research, a common action and material
support to
the institutions dealing with dialogue and promoting its products.
That's
why this dialogue must include different levels of conceptual
definition,
languages, cultural patrimonies, information and cultural exchanges.
It must
also engage circles of reflection on diverse aspects, which should
converge
towards the establishment of a common cultural institution.
The Arab cultural institutions, due to their religious interpretation
of
culture and their dependency on new projects from the North, should
redefine
the new preconditions for a journey to the South. The African
institutions
which work for reform and unity, must understand that they have for a
long
time suffered due to their fascination with the influence that the
north
exerts on them. They should take note that African-Americans, due to
their
natural evolution in America, are Americans, whose interest are
diametrically different from Africans, in proportion to the
development
differentiation between Africa and America.
For all these reasons, only a common Southern vision can dynamise a
new
Afro-Arab cultural dialogue. Based on these facts, we believe that a
common
vision of the South is the only way to build the new Afro-Arab
dialogue.
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Slave Profits and the Roots of the Wealth Gap
By Meizhu Lui and Rose Brewer
March 29, 2002; Common Dreams
Few Americans learned in school that slaves were about half the
workforce that built the White House and the U.S. Capitol. A slave named
Philip Reid supervised construction of the Statue of Freedom hoisted
atop the Capitol dome in 1863. Such revelations rightly disturb our view
of important symbols of democracy and remind us that slavery is at the
foundation of our nation's history. Well-known bastions of American
capital also have the institution of slavery at their foundation. Last
Tuesday, lawyers Deadria Farmer-Paellmann and Ed Fagan filed lawsuits
against insurance company Aetna, railroad giant CSX, and FleetBoston
bank, claiming that these companies profited from slavery. These are
only a fraction of the prosperous American companies whose wealth came
in part from the slave trade.
Railroads utilized slave labor to lay rail. Tobacco firms used slaves
in the harvest. Southern utilities used slaves to construct oil lines.
Mining companies used slaves to process salt and coal.
The unpaid productivity of these slaves was converted into corporate
income and wealth that still sustains many companies today. Slaves were
denied not only wages but the opportunity to buy property, build
companies and pass assets on to future generations.
Many people know the expression "40 acres and a mule", but don't know
it was a false promise. In 1865, General Sherman issued an order
providing homesteads to freed slaves. But President Andrew Johnson,
Lincoln's successor, overrode the order and gave the land back to white
Confederate landowners. Instead of 40 acres and a mule, freed slaves got
brutal sharecropping and segregation.
The descendants of slaves continue to find their ability to jump on
board the asset-building train impaired. Fault lines laid long ago
forged a vast and enduring wealth gap between white Americans and
African-Americans. In 1998, the median net worth of white households was
$81,700, while the median net worth of African-American households was
just $10,000. The homeownership rate among white families is 74 percent,
while for African-American families it is just 48 percent nationally,
and much lower in some local areas.
If the foundation of the Capitol was dug and laid by slaves, and some
of America's most successful corporations have profits from slavery in
their early capital formation, perhaps the story we tell ourselves about
the creation of all wealth needs to be examined and those invisible
foundation stones be brought into the light.
Slaves weren't poor because people of African heritage are lazy. They
were poor because the laws of the land prohibited them from getting paid
for their work and from owning assets.
In generations since, structural obstacles have continued to impede
black asset development. African-American homeowners are often subjected
to discriminatory and predatory lending practices that unfairly inflate
their mortgage costs and rob them of the home equity that so many
Americans draw on for college, business start-ups and retirement.
Insurance companies are only now coming to acknowledge that for many
years they charged African- American customers unjustifiably higher
rates than whites. After World War II, the GI bill and Veterans
Administration helped almost exclusively white families to
become homeowners.
When black farmers filed their historic lawsuit against the Department
of Agriculture (DOA) in 1997, DOA investigators presented damning
evidence of decades of discrimination: 84 percent of the white
applicants had their loan applications approved, while only 56 percent
of the black applicants received loans. The result was that black
farmers lost their farms at more than triple the rate of white farmers.
We can no more replace the foundation stones of the US Capitol than we
can change the wealth foundations of many American businesses. However,
with the truth of these foundations now being excavated, we can and
should adopt fair rules to redress the injustice of the past.
At the UN Conference Against Racism held in South Africa last fall,
governments around the globe declared the slave trade a "crime against
humanity." Aetna, CSX, FleetBoston and others should be held accountable
for any complicity in this crime.
Public policies can also help people of all races build lasting
financial security. We can protect and strengthen affirmative action
policies that redress past
discrimination. We can ban predatory lending practices. We can enforce
non-discrimination at the Department of Agriculture. We can launch a new
GI bill to offer all working families a boost to homeownership. These
are the kind of policies that should serve as democratic
cornerstones of our 21st century economy.
[Meizhu Lui is the Executive Director of United for a Fair Economy.
She can be reached at
mlui@faireconomy.org. Rose Brewer is Associate
Professor of African American & African Studies at the University of
Minnesota. She can be reached at
brewe001@maroon.tc.umn.edu. They are
co-authors of a forthcoming book on the racial wealth gap.]
THE RED, THE BLACK AND THE GREEN FLAG
The RED, BLACK and GREEN Flag was unveiled to the world
by the Honorable
Marcus Mosiah Garvey and the members of the Universal Negro Improvement
Association and African Communities League, of the World at it's first
international convention on August 13, 1920. The UNIA-ACL knew that Africans
at home and abroad needed there own flag as other flags around the world
could not represent the collective of African people.
The use of Red, Black and Green as colors symbolizing African nationhood was
first "adopted by the UNIA-ACL as part of the 1920 Declaration of Rights as
the official colors of the African race. The question of a flag for the race
was not as trivial as might have appeared on the surface, for in the United
States especially, the lack of an African symbol of nationhood seems to have
been cause for crude derision on the part of whites and a source of
sensitivity on the part of Afro-Americans. White derision over this
deficiency was summed up in a popular American song, "Every Race Has a Flag
But the 'Coon.'" A 1912 report apearing in the Africa Times and Orient
Review (for which Marcus Garvey worked) documented the far-reaching
consequences of this song. In 1921 he declared,
Show me the race or the nation without a flag, and I will show you a race of
people without any pride. Aye! In song and mimicry they have said, "Every
race has a flag but the coon." How true! Aye! But that was said of us four
years ago. They can't say it now....2
The race catechism Garveyites used explained the significance of the red,
black, and green as for the "color of the blood which men must shed for
their redemption and liberty", black for "the color of the noble and
distinguished race to which we belong," and green for "the luxuriant
vegetation of our Motherland."3
A flag must represent the standard by which it's people live. Thus, the
Universal African Flag, the 52nd Article of the Declaration of Rights of the
Negro Peoples of the World was ratified in convention.
There has been a great deal of talk and controversy over the origin,
creation and use of the Red, Black and Green. The UNIA hopes that this
controversy can be clarified once and for all.
There was no Red, Black and Green Flag prior to the coming of the Honorable
Marcus Garvey and the founding of the UNIA. Today there are many African
Nations that have adopted the colors Red, Black and Green after the great
Marcus Garvey and his program of African Redemption. Any one claiming
the
creation of the Red, Black and Green is historically incorrect. The UNIA
organization will make every attempt to clear up any misunderstandings about
the matter concerning the Red, Black and Green. Further confusion can be
misleading to the masses of Blacks throughout the country and the world.
The following paragraph is the official historical creation and usage of the
Red, Black and Green:
Notice to the General Public
The UNIA in 1920 in international convention adopted the Red, Black and
Green as its official colors and emblem of the Black people of the world.
This flag has been flown upside down contrary to the intention of Marcus
Garvey and the UNIA who gave it to the world. It is unlawful,
disrespecful
and traitorous for any individual or group to add any other colors to the
Red, Black and Green for any other purpose. Individuals or groups
doing so
are not true nationalist, and should not be recognized as such.
Respect and honour your flag as it stands...a Universal banner for African
People.
---------------------
http://www.menofrespect.com
--------------------
Slave Owner Insurance -
200 Years On
The reparations battle is heating up. For those of you who are not
aware, it extends beyond the U.S. Lloyd's of London is currently being
sued for insuring the slave ships and slaves who were often thrown
overboard for insurance purposes. DNA is being used to proove the case.
The BBC article is below.
Delores, AfriCreations
http://www.africreations.com
Slave Owner Insurance - 200 Years On
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3581815.stm
By Stephen Evans
BBC North America Business Correspondent
Descendants of black American slaves are suing London's oldest insurance
firm, Lloyd's of London, for compensation for allegedly underwriting the
ships used in the slave trade. The case will throw a strange light on
one of the atrocities of modern times.
Insurance could be such a difficult issue for the owners of slave ships.
Take the case of the Zong, a British vessel out of Liverpool that
transported a human cargo from Africa in 1781.
Food and water were running low; some of the slaves were dying.
So, what to do? Under the terms of the insurance, a death by natural
causes would not receive payment, but a death by drowning would.
The answer was clear to Captain Luke Collingwood: throw more than 130
slaves overboard to claim the insurance.
In the event, the matter was contested when it came to court.
The Lord Chief Justice, Lord Mansfield, was clearly uneasy even as he
understood the dilemma: "The case of the slaves was the same as if
horses had been thrown overboard.''
In the end, there was no payment and some good came of the atrocity.
Publicity from the case pricked consciences and helped spur the
abolition of the trade.
It also prompted the English artist, Joseph Mallord William Turner, to
paint the episode in oils, and that work now hangs in Boston's Museum of
Fine Arts.
Later pricked consciences would prompt a Museum of Slavery on the
dockside in Liverpool near where the Zong used to berth.
Morals and commerce
The case shows how slavery was just another trade needing just another
insurance policy.
It's true that some companies were uneasy about insuring slave ships,
though not out of high moral principle but out of commercial wariness.
Insurers became aware of the practice of taking out policies to cover
whole "shiploads".
The individual names listed on the policy were commonplace, and if any
slave died it became easy to claim the death against insurance.
Such was the prevalence of bogus claims that one Kentucky insurer wrote
in a pamphlet in 1856: "The company is by no means solicitous of
securing a large Negro insurance business unless the owners are careful
and judicious men".
Slaves, for insurance purposes, were just like cattle.
Which brings us to the question of how we should treat their
descendants.
Reparations?
One American insurance company, Aetna, has apologised for its
involvement in slavery.
In one of its policies taken out in New Orleans in 1853, a woman named
Mary Raby bought 12 months of cover for $17.25. Under it, the death of
an insured slave would deliver a payment of $600.
But the apology hasn't led to reparations. The American courts have
taken the view that past servitude doesn't mean a present hurt for the
descendants.
In the case of Lloyd's of London, the plaintiffs say they have proof
through DNA that they are related to particular slaves who were insured
there. And they add the crucial - but contended - point that they
continue to suffer.
One of the claimants, Deadria Farmer-Paellman, said: "Today I suffer
from the injury of not knowing who I am - having no nationality or
ethnic group as a result of acts committed by these parties."
She and her co-claimants have a lawyer with a reputation for winning.
Ed Fagan acted for descendants of the victims of the Nazi death camps
and secured $1.25 billion in reparation from Swiss banks that received
some of the confiscated property.
"Lloyd's knew that what they were doing led to the destruction of the
indigenous population," Mr Fagan said. "Why is it too far fetched to say
that blacks should be entitled to compensation for damages and genocide
committed against them, when every other people in the world... that has
been victimised in this way has been entitled to compensation?"
It will be a good court argument. But a judge will need convincing that
the pains of the slaves of two centuries ago are still being felt so
much by their descendants that they merit many millions of dollars in
reparations.
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MATAH: The Path to TRUE Freedom
http://www.matah.com/index.ihtml?mtcnbc=21231169
Get on the Freedom Train = De-activate Your Willie Chip
by Elihu N.
Pleasant-Bey
