Religion

AFRICAN ORIGIN OF RELIGIONS
By NAIWU OSAHON
Ameer spiritual of the black race Hon. Khu Mkuu,
World Pan-African Movement Poet; Author of the magnum opus: 'The secrets of the ages.'
One of the world's leading authors of children's books M.S,c (Salford), Dip. M.S, G.I.P.M., Dip. Inst. M., G.Inst.M., G.I.W.M., A.M.N.I.M. Awarded: Key to the city of Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Honourary Councilmanship, Memphis City Council; Honourary Citizenship, County of Shelby;
Honourary Commissionership, County of Shelby, Tennessee.

Traditional African religion is the oldest religion in the world. Well, this is obvious since Africans are the oldest human beings on earth. African traditional religions led to the system of alchemy founded some fifteen thousand years ago by the first human genius whom Africans described as the "Thrice Greatest." The greatest of all philosophers, the greatest of all priests, the greatest of all kings. His African names included, Thoth, Tehuti and Theuth. The west knows him as Hermes Trismegistus.

He was the world's first "Adept" or "Master" and he created the science of alchemy for the spiritual development of humankind. He built the Great Pyramid of Gizeh in 11,824 BC. It was the very first Pyramid built in Egypt and it served as his shrine and academy. Wise men journeyed from all over the world to study at his feet.

He was considered a personification of wisdom with inexhaustible supply of knowledge, some of which were recorded in about 20,000 books. These were among the 400,000 invaluable African documents destroyed 13,000 years later under the Roman edict of Theodosius in the 4th cent. AD to force European hegamony on the world. A new book just out, titled: The Secrets of the Ages, corrects the European distortions of the authentic history of mankind. The book is considered the most important document ever published and it reveals God's true identity for the first time in human history.

Thoth was immortalised in African myth as the great Anu called Onian in Chapter XV of the Book of the Dead and in the texts of the Pyramids.

Around 5000 BC, Africans of the Nile Valley decided to bring their cultural, traditional, spiritual and other learning (acquired over thousands of years), together under one formal educational arrangement for the spiritual development of mankind. They called what they put together, the Mystery System, a secret order with membership gained only by initiation and pledge to secrecy.

The core doctrine of the system remained as in Thoth"s alchemy, which was the theory of salvation emphasising that the deification of man was the most important object. They believed that the soul of a man if liberated from its bodily fetters could enable him become godlike, see the Gods in this life, attain the beatific vision, and hold communion with the immortals.

African ancestors believed that whatever activity takes place in the world is a reflection of the divine law of ecclesiastical brain. That subtle energy links the physical body with the immortal spirit. That TuSoS was closer than breathing, nearer than hands and feet. That the physical and ethereal bodies are not far apart. Vibrational frequencies link them, which could be synchronised.

That there is no Messiah, no mediator to wash our spiritual ignorance away. Spiritual liberation is possible within every man.

The ancients insisted that every man has within him a seed of the infinite indestructible fire energy from which his organism hangs. That only a modicum of TuSoS is bestowed in living organism, the rest is hidden in nature.

This influenced the concept of the Son of the Almighty. Man's invisible spirit force is subject to incarnations, as is man. Our ancestors do not die, their spirits live on for ever.

The individual was trained to be god-like while on earth and at the same time to qualify for everlasting happiness.

Africa totally dominated the world, technically, politically, intellectually, economically, culturally and religiously for thirteen thousand years from the era of the Great Thoth (Hermes), until about 600 BC. African domination of the world reached its greatest height during the reign of Ausar (Osiris), around 4100 BC.

From the Osirian reign, Africans began to civilise the rest of the world in earnest by teaching farming, industrialisation, commerce, religion and how to organise cities and nation states. The first beneciciaries of African civilising missions abroad was Mesopotamia invaded by the Chaldeans who were a group of African Astronomer-priests from Egypt.

Susa in Iran or Elam was founded by Tithonus, king of Ethiopia, Memnon's father, about 4000 BC. Even Biblical account confirms African civilising mission and leadership of Mesopotamia. The Bible tells us the story of Nimrod (Nemrod) son of Kush, grandson of Ham, the ancestor of the blacks who is the symbol of worldly power. He was a mighty hunter before the Lord. Hence the saying, "Like Nemrod, a mighty hunter before the Lord.' The beginning of his kingdom is Babylon, Arach and Akkad, all of them in the land of Sennar. From that region Assur went forth.' The Africans built a replica of the step Pyramids of Saqqara in Egypt, in the Kushite (meaning African) city of Bel. Verses of the Gilgamesh Epic, a Babylonian (Kushite) poem confirms African domination of their world at the time.

Father Enlid, Lord of the countries. Father Enlid, Lord of the true word, Father Enlid, Pastor of the Blacks..........

In this epic, Anu, the primitive god, father of Ishtar, has the same black name as Osiris the Onian: the goddess Ishtar took the floor and spoke to the god Anu, her father.......(verses 92-93).

Several African kings ruled ancient Elam (Iran), including King Kudur Nakunta around 2900 BC, who conquered Chaldea and Babylon and took back treasures to Susa, the capital of his empire, including the famous statue of the goddess of Nana.

The founders of Zoroastrianism, although it was not called by that name then, were the Egyptian (Chaldeans invaders who colonised the region from 4000 BC and used it as a colony of their priests. The colony continued to apply the knowledge of the stars which they brought with them from the homeland (Africa). That is why ' Chaldean' formed the root of the Greek word for astrologer. The tower of Babel, a step Pyramid similar to the tower of Saqqara in Egypt, also known as Birs-Nimroud and temple of Baal, was the astronomical observatory of the Chaldeans. The religion passed through several phases including Albigensianism as its last relic before resurfacing as Zoroastrianism about 2500 years ago.

Zarathustra, the Persian prophet lived at the beginning of the 6th cent. BC, during the religious revolution that swept the world after the Persian sack of Thebes, Egypt in 525 BC. The Greeks couldn't pronounce his name and so changed it to Zoroaster. He it was who purified the ancient Persian religion that now bears his name.

Hinduism began about 3200 BC and was founded by the Dravidians. Large populations of Ethiopians known now in India as the Dravidians invaded India between 3250 and 2750 BC and established a civilisation in the Indus Valley. In fact, the sacred river Ganges in India is named after an Ethiopian king called Emperor Ganges who conquered Asia as far as India. The Dravidians were polytheists who worshipped a number of nature-gods. Elements of their beliefs including the caste system, circumcision, magic, and witchcraft combined with the influence of the Osirian Mystery System of earlier epoch, produced Hinduism.

Prince Siddhartha Gautama, known as Buddha or the Enlightened One is considered a Dravidian (or African). He was born about 623 BC among the Sakya people probably at their capital Kapilavatthu, now Lumbini in the lowland of Terai in Nepal, dominated then by the Dravidian population. His features, including his thick lips confirm his Dravidian origin.

Unhappy about the corrupt practices in Hinduism and the problem of human suffering which even death could not terminate due to the cycle of life doctrine in Hinduism, Prince Gautama abandoned his privileged palace life, beloved wife and child to look for a spiritual solution to the human cycle of suffering and pains.

Sikhism is a rather recent religious movement founded by Guru Nanak (1469 - 1538 AD). Like Jainism and Buddhism earlier on, it tried to relax the rules in Hinduism and end the rivalry between Hinduism and Islam.

Master K'ung or 'K'ung - futzu (Latinised as Confucius), was black and he was born around 551 BC, in the feudal state of Lu in today's Shantung province of China. He was not too original in his ideas but he was practical, hoping to improve his people's way of life by reforming their feudal leadership. Confucius and Buddha were contemporaries and neither of them was metaphysical or pre-occupied with the notion of God or Gods. Confucius discouraged human sacrifice, a practice prevalent in China at the time.

Moses was the son of Bathia, daughter of Pharaoh Seti I and the Pharaoh himself. The myth about finding baby in a basket in water was quite common at the time, especially in honouring national heroes. The Moses' episode was concocted to allow his parents look after him in the palace as their son without incestuous stigma.

Pharaoh Akhnaton was the first to divert attention from TuSoS, the uncreated creator. Akhnaton marginalised the priests of Amon and installed himself as spiritual and political head of Egypt. This selfish, ill-informed action condemned the African race to the dust bin of history because it exposed Africa to incesant invasion by all and saundary. Without the spiritual energy that provided racial cohesion, comfort and even ensured triumph in earlier epoch the African race did not only become vulnerable, she was helpless to defend herself. Although Akhnaton thought he was introducing the One God concept, he was in reality installing an attribute of the One Source, as God. With Akhnaton's marginalisation of the spiritual strength of the race, it was easy for Moses to aggressively divert World's attention from Tu-SoS, The Ultimate (and or Universal) Source of Spiritual power, the One Source, to a usurper.

Tu-SoS is wisdom, cosmic consciousness or intelligence. Tu-SoS is Boundless and Limitless in time and space. Tu-SoS does not ask to be worshipped and is not worshipped by any one in the world. Every soul carries a tiny portion of Tu-SoS within by birthright. In other words, the germ is the Christo. It is left to the individual to let Tu-SoS occupy the individual fully by throughly cleansing his or her temple (body) of all dirt, spiritual or otherwise. The Jews call Tu-SoS, En-Sof who is the Ultimate Source of Universal Power. Africans call the One Source variously Chukwu, Osanobua or Olodumare. Africans do not worship Tu-SoS but the attributes or intermediaries in the guise of Sango, Ogun, Olokun, Amadioha because Tu-SoS is too colossal, too all embracing to define, image or approch directly.

Midianites were Africans from Ethiopia worshipping a God which the rest of the world called Lucifer on one of the eight Sanai mountains. It was a major cult and its chief priest was called Jethro. Jethro was considered the father of witchcraft and he initiated Moses into the cult when Moses was running away from home, Egypt, for committing murder. Moses became the spokesman of the Hebrews and the God of the Midianites promised to take them to a new land he would take from the Africans. The God of the Midianites whom the rest of the world knew as Lucifer became God of the Jews to help them escape from Egypt. The God introduced himself to Moses as YHWH which the Jews translated for ease of pronounciation as Yahweh.

Moses' kabbalism (or esoteric knowledge laced with witchcraft) which he first learnt as a Pharoah in trainning (or Prince of Egypt), was reinforced by the teachings of his father-in-law, Jethro, the renowned Ethiopian magician. Moses adopted his Ten Commandments from the ancient 147 Egyptian laws called the ' Negative Confessions,' and gave the Hebrews credit for African customs, some already quite ancient during his time. One classic example was the adoption of the rite of circumcision, an Egyptian custom, thousands of years old by Moses' day.

Other African customs borrowed by the Hebrews include, the transference of sins to a scapegoat, usually an animal; not eating pig, considering it unclean, but on the other hand using it in religious rites, implying some sanctity of the animal; the Passover Feast which was really an old African custom connected with the celebration of the Spring Equinox and passing over of the Sun from the South to North of the Equator. Libations or sacrificial drinking such as in the Sabbath Evening Service by the Rabbi which is a traditional African practice dating back thousands of years.

Christianity and Islam took their dogmas from the Old Testaments of the Jews. African human personification of God in the Trinity of Osiris, Isis and Horus 4100 years before Christianity, with Osiris sitting in judgment over the dead, reinforced the human and masculine attributes of the Christian and islamic God (Yahweh), who created man in His image and likeness. Yahweh is Kether, one of Judaism's ten attributes of En-Sof just like the African Sango, Ogun or Olokun are attributes of Tu-SoS, the Supreme Source.

Islam adopted the Jewish, human God, Yahweh and called Him Allah, 500 years after Christianity. Yahweh was the popular reference point at the time but Islam had some doubts so they invested their version of Yahweh with some peculiar traits distinct from those of the Christian God.

Islam rejects the idea of a masculine God and that God could have a son. "Allah forbid that He Himself should beget a son....." Those who say: "The Lord of Mercy has begotten a son preach a monstrous falsehood....." (Koran 19: 29,88). Islam also does not accept the idea of God being a Trinity. "Allah is one and unique (Koran 5:70). But the Islamic God is an anthropomorphic deity who has ears, eyes, mouth, and hears, sees, speaks, knows things, and sits on the throne like the Jewish God Yahweh.

To test Abraham's faith, Yahweh asked Abraham to sacrifice his only son. Convinced of Abraham's faith, Yahweh allowed him to substitute a ram. Muslims commemorate this event yearly with the killing of rams.

Early Christian religion emphasised the African concept that the germ is the Christo planted in man according to his individual capacity to receive higher wisdom. Paul said so much too: "Know ye not your own selves, now that Jesus Christ is within you? This makes every man the "Son of Tu-SoS, from birth. We all have the Christ within yearning for personal growth. Christ was mythological, not historical. Church Fathers invented historical Jesus Christ some five hundred years after the advent of Christianity to install a Messiah.

During the early stages of Christianity reincarnation was accepted as revealed in Matthew 17: 10-12; 16;13; 11:14 and John 9: 2-3; Revelation 13: 10 and so on. Chruch Fathers condemned this as heresy, several centuries later and planted vicarious atonement in its place.

Africans gave the world the concept of Heaven and Hell, good and evil, truth and lie (deceit) and the feather of truth (i.e that truth is weightless and lie requires several layers of lies to sustain). That righteousness is superior to might and steel. That virtue will be rewarded in Empyrean-abode of blissful spiritual life after death and that our ancestors do not die.

A visitor to Thebes in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt can view the 'inferno' in details (in the tomb of Seti I of the nineteenth Dynasty). Osiris at the tribunal of the dead is indeed the Lord of revealed religions, sitting enthroned on Judgment Day. He is righteous, noble, beyond fault and his brother is god Set, evil personified, who would not obey his own laws, contesting realm of influence (human souls) with his elder brother Ausar.

With the banning of African mysteries in 4 AD and finally in 6 AD, Africans fought back by withdrawing totally into necromancy and witchcraft. As they got increasingly frustrated in their long painful unsuccessful efforts to liberate themselves, they began to turn the venom of their sorcery on each other.

Animism and witchcraft have remained stagnant in form and content since ancient times. Their archaic traditions are still seriously steeped in magic, incantations and bloody sacrifices performed largely in unwholesome surroundings. The methods are generally repulsive to say the least, particularly to the younger generations who out of helplessness and ignorance seek their redemption in their millions through foreign religions.

But can Africans become true Christians and Moslems? Isn't there something in their culture still that rebels against their conquerors imposed adopted traditions. Well, Africans strongly believe in reincarnation. They say that the dead come back or is born again and again. That the spirits of our ancestors live on for ever. And why not? If Tu-SoS is infinite, everything in nature must also be infinite.

Organised religions see re-incarnation in terms of renewed faith in God. They call this born again in Christianity but it is not physical or deeply spiritual. All organised religions accept the African concepts that there is a beginning to the universe and the beginning is Tu-SoS, misinterpreted by organised faiths as God; that although the universe appears infinite, its creator can also terminate it; that Tu-SoS gives, Tu-SoS takes away. Islam dropped the notion of future life and ancestor worship from their canon. Christianity dismissed the beliefs as mere superstition while practicing exorcism and declaring an endless number of apparitions of their Virgin Mary. Africans smell hypocrisy and hang on to their beliefs even as they proclaim themselves devoted Christians and Moslems.

Since Africans cannot fully realize themselves as Arabs or Caucasians however hard they try, and have completely lost their African essence and feeling of self-worth after centuries of slavery, colonial and neocolonial dehumanization and exploitation, they have gradually, in the last five hundred years, forgotten their illustrious pioneering history and stopped seeing themselves as equal to the other races.

With continuing cruching racism against them, despite their nominal status as Arabs and Caucasians through forced religious beliefs, they are confused and lost. Without a vibrant native religion or spiritual movement of their own and without a common tradition to bind, cushion and inspire them as a family, they are unable to mobilize, at least, their intellectual wherewithal for their collective development or make appropriate peculiar impact in the world of ideas. A race without a strong, active, lively spiritual (therefore philosophical) outlook of its own is not only voiceless in world affairs, it is as good as dead.

The potency of genuine African spirituality is not in doubt. There are many charlatans, of course, but our success rate is not low by any means. The mavens or wizards know their onions and can cause rain to fall in a desert out of season with the snap of the fingers; stop bullets in flight with bare hands; instigate still birth or difficult child birth with incantation; vanish into the thin air at the scene of a fracas or involvement in a motor accident; help politicians win elections; turn never-do-wells into overnight millionaires or help them gain promotions at work, but always at a great and painful personal cost to the benefactor.

By and large, ancient spirituality is used for evil and because Africa is the oldest most enduring scene of this, most of the evil spirits of the world seem to have found a permanent home in Africa. Every other race or continent, particularly through metaphysically inspired secret societies, have made some effort in the last two thousand years to adapt their spirituality to the development of the mind except Africa and this is partly responsible for Africa's current backwardness. Africa has not refined her spirituality to match, for instance, what kabalism is doing for the Jews in modern times and that is exactly where The Cradle Family comes in. The Cradle Family is the modern spirituality, the religion if you like, the canon of the black race and its chief priest is Naiwu Osahon, the Ameer spiritual of the black race.

More details on this article
' The African origin of religions'
are provided in the new book:
The Secrets of the Ages
Written by Naiwu Osahon,
Leader, World Pan-African Movement
E-mail: obw@infoweb.abs.net

The Bible and King James
http://www.themarcusgarveybbs.com/board/msgs/10554.html
by Adib Rashad (RashadM@aol.com)

The early Protestants, who were the heirs of the Reformation, exclusively used the Geneva Bible. The Calvinists, the Puritans, and the Pilgrims used this Bible until it went out of print in 1644.

The first Geneva Bible, both Old and New Testament, was published in English in 1560 in Geneva Switzerland. It was essentially a revision of William Tyndale's revised and corrected 1534 edition. The majority of the work was done by William Whittingham, the brother-in-law of John Calvin.

In 1560 a complete revised Bible was published, translated according to the Hebrew and Greek, and conferred with the best translations in divers languages, and dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I. After the death of Mary Tudor(Bloody Mary), a fanatical Catholic, Elizabeth was crowned queen in 1558, and once again England moved toward Protestantism.

The Geneva Bible was an instant success; more than a 144 editions appeared between the years of 1560 and 1644. As a matter of fact, for forty years after the publication of the King James Bible, the Geneva Bible continued to be the Bible of choice. Interestingly, until King James had his own version named after him, he too, used the Geneva Bible. Afterwards, James tried to disclaim any knowledge of the Geneva Bible.

It is important to note that when James became king of England in 1603, there were only two translations of the Bible in use; the Geneva Bible, as stated, was the most popular, and the Bishops' Bible was used for church services. Gary DeMar, in his historical article titled, "The Geneva Bible: The Forgotten Translation," points out that King James disapproved of the Geneva Bible because of its Calvinistic leanings. He also frowned on what he considered to be seditious marginal notes on key political texts. A marginal note for Exodus 1:9 indicated that the Hebrew midwives were correct in disobeying the Egyptian King's orders, and a note for 2 Chronicles 15:16 said that King Asa should have had his mother executed and not merely deposed for the crime of worshipping an idol. The King James version of the Bible grew out of the king'sdistaste for these potent doctrinal commentaries. He considered the marginal notes to be a political threat to his kingdom.

At a conference at Hampton Court in 1604 with bishops and theologians, the king listened attentively to a suggestion by the Puritan scholar, John Reynolds, that a new translation of the Bible was greatly needed because of the king's distaste and dislike for the Geneva Bible. James was anxious for a new translation. He exclaimed, "I profess," "I could never yet see a Bible well translated in English; but I think that, of all, that Geneva is the worst."

In addition to being a threat to the king of England, the Geneva Bible was vociferously anti-Roman Catholic. One must bear in mind that Rome was still persecuting Protestants in the 16th century. Furthermore, one must bear in mind that the English translators, John Wycliff, and William Tyndale, Wycliff was the first to translate the entire Bible into English. Although he only had the Latin Vulgate to work with, one can, upon careful scrutiny, see his influence on Tyndale's translation and ultimately the King James Version.

John Rogers, Myles Coverdale, and the above were all exiles from a nation that was returning to the Catholic faith under a queen, Mary Tudor, who was burning Protestants at the stake (that is why she was/is called Bloody Mary. She burned 300 or more).

The anti-Roman sentiment is most evident in the Book of Revelation: "The beast that cometh out of the bottomless pit (Rev. 11:17) was represented by the Pope, which hath his power out of hell and cometh thence." It was not long before the Geneva Bible was replaced by the King James Version, but not before it helped to settle the United States and the Americas.

It safe to say without reservation that the King James Version of the Bible was a government publication. It was a government publication simply because James was a devout believer in the "divine right of kings." The "divine right of kings" dictum meant that since a king's power came from God, the king then had to answer to no one but God. This also meant that an evil king must not be challenged; the people should suffer in silence; contrastly, a benevolent king was therefore a blessing sent from God.

This is primarily why James disliked the Geneva Bible. On the other hand, the Geneva Bible, with its marginal notes, was popular with the common people. The Geneva Bible did not conform to the rights of king maxim. However, it must be said that the marginal notes in the Geneva Bible were placed there by leaders of the Reformation, John Knox and John Calvin.

A marginal note such as: "When tyrants cannot prevail by craft they burst forth into open rage," (Exodus 1:22) annoyed James immensely. The Reformation prospered in Geneva; many of those religious scholars who fled the reign of Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) started a congregation there. Their greatest effort and contribution was the first Geneva Bible. The marginal notes were added to later editions.

Religious wars engulfed Europe. The Spanish, because of the Protestant rebellion, waged a war to restore Roman Catholicism to Western Europe. The Dutch fought for the Reformation and religious freedom. The Dutch declared religious freedom for all; thus Amsterdam became an open city for liberal ideas. As a result, the 1599 Edition of the Geneva Bible was printed in Amsterdam and England in large quantities until the 17th century.

King James made it crystal clear before he became James I of England that he had no use for the "Dutch Rebels" who had rebelled against their Spanish King.

Queen Elizabeth died in 1603 and her cousin, James Stuart, son of Mary Stuart, who up until that time had been King James VI of Scotland ascended the throne and became known as King James I of England. He ascended the throne, as indicated earlier, with the "divine right of kings" maxim entrenched in his mind.

In 1603 James was declared king, he wasted no time in ordering a new edition of the Bible as a means of denying the common people the marginal notes they so cherished and quoted in the Geneva Bible. He was not going to allow those marginal notes to sway English citizens away from his commands.

Thus, on February 10, 1604, he ordained the following: That a translation be made of the whole Bible, as consonant > as can be to the original Hebrew and Greek, and this to be set out and printed without any marginal notes, and only to be used in all churches of England in time of divine service.

James painstakingly set up rules that made it impossible for anyoneinvolved in the project to make an honest translation. Those rules are as follows:

1. The ordinary Bible read in church, commonly called the Bishops' Bible, to be followed and as little altered as the truth of the original will permit. Since the common people preferred the Geneva Bible to the existing government publication, it was advised that a superseding government publication be placed on their bookshelves.

2. The Ecclesiastical words to be kept, viz. The word "church" not to be translated "congregation." That is, if a word should be translated a particular way, it should be deliberately mistranslated to make the people think that God still belongs to the Anglican Church--exclusively.

3. No marginal notes at all to be affixed, but only for the explanation of the Hebrew or Greek words, which cannot without some circumlocution, sobriefly and fitly be expressed in the text. In essence, these rules and the translation became the King James Version of the Bible and the religious source of the Western world--particularly the third world and among the slaves in the United States.

Before I conclude, it is imperative that I briefly discuss the character of King James. A number of historians and religious scholars have argued that King James was a homosexual; his activities in that regard have been recorded in numerous books, public records; as well as articles. However, there are some historians, individuals that I refer to as King Jamesites, who vehemently deny that James was homosexual or effeminate, and they skillfully invert the words of James to accomplish their task.

Stephen A. Coston, author of "King James The VI of Scotland & I of England Unjustly Accused?" is one such individual who defends James's moral character to the utmost. Coston writes these words: "More often than not even when actual facts of King James VI & I are presented they are subjected to interpretative twists designed to give the reader the impression that the words and deeds of King James VI & I support the allegations commonly leveled against him.

Case in point, it is a known fact King James was handicapped from birth with weak limbs and injured himself many times. This caused him to have an unsteady gait. To compensate for this James often leaned on his most trusted councilors and friends which also happened to be members of his personal staff, individual critics freely term "favorites" giving the reader the impression King James did so not because of a physical handicap but because of sexual attraction to same. Nothing could be further from the truth.

Further, it is also freely alleged that King James "passionately kissed" his "favorites" in public." Coston continues, "Critics of King James VI & I are fond of inferring from the above that King James engaged in the: French Kissing" of his "favorites." They then use this assumption as yet another "proof" to support their contention that King James was indeed truly a "homosexual."

For Coston, these critics of James had not presented any concrete proof that went beyond doubt to advance the belief that James was a homosexual. He goes on to say, "Most indeed who have written about King James VI & I have never actually sat down to read what he actually wrote. This environment has created a prime climate for the kind of slanders and libels King James has been subjected to." Coston strongly argues that these religious scholars and historians have merely toyed with conjecture and not facts regarding the sexual orientation of King James.

Contrarily, I would passionately urge Mr. Coston to read "King James & Letters of Homoerotic Desire" by David M. Bergerson. Mr. Bergerson not only presents facts of King James's effeminate, if not, homosexual tendencies, but of his erotic interests as well. Bergerson's exploration of letters between King James and three of his "favorites" reveals an intimate world of collaborative homoerotic and sexual desire. These primary source letters which were newly collected involve correspondence between James and George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, passionate, touching, amazing missives that will remove any doubt about James's sexual preferences. His other two "favorites" were Esme Stuart (Lennox) and Robert Carr (Somersett). Bergerson grounds his provocative study on an examination of the tradition of letter writing during the Renaissance and draws a connection between homosexual desire and letter writing that historical period. James's letters to his "favorites" were saturated with same sex innuendo and proposals of marriage--especially to Buckingham. The evidence clearly demonstrates that the king was most definitely homosexually inclined.

History also records with ample documentation that James was indeed a sadist as many royal personages were during that era. He enjoyed torturing people. When he was the King of Scotland in 1591, he personally supervised the torture of people allegedly involved in witchcraft. He would often suggest new tortures to the examiners.

One woman, named, Barbara Napier, was acquitted for practicing witchcraft. This acquittal so angered James that he wrote a personal letter to the court on May 10, 1551, ordering a sentence of death, and he had the jury called into custody. To make sure the jury understood his anger about the acquittal and the severity of the offense, he presided at the new hearing, and released them without punishment when they reversed their verdict.

History also records that James was cowardly; on January 7, 1591, he was in Edinburgh. An entourage followed that included the Duke of Lennox and Lord Hume. They had an argument with the laird of Logie and subsequently pulled their swords. James looked behind, saw the flashing steel, and fled into the nearest refuge which turned out to be a skinners booth. There to his shame, he "fouled his breeches in fear."

In conclusion, King James was a complex, enigmatic, dastardly individual. However, his major contribution to Christian history was his opposition to Roman authority (The Pope).

It was James's opinion that only the authority of a king, backed by the unified support of fellow Protestant princes, could realistically challenge the usurped authority of the Pope.

Therefore, his version of the Bible was, as stated above, a political document designed by way of revised translations > to ensure that the king's reign could not be challenged by Rome or the common people.

I implore the reader to study "Wide as the Waters The Story of the English Bible and the Revolution It Inspired," by Benson Bobrick to get a complete understanding of how various verses in the King James Bible were changed or deleted from the original texts.

Another book of note worth about King James and the Bible is "In The Beginning The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed A Nation, A Language and A Culture," by Alister McGrath.

After reading and studying the aforementioned sources, if people still want and need to believe that the King James Version of the Bible is the "Word of God," then the history and research pertaining to this subject is moot at best and will subsequently go for naught.

Adib Rashad (RashadM@aol.com) is an education consultant, education program director, author, and historian. He has lived and taught in West Africa and South East Asia.

THE FUTURE OF AFRICAN GODS
THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS
ACCRA - W.E.B. DU BOIS CENTER - JULY 10, 1998
Professor Molefi Kete Asante
Temple University

I am pleased that you have come to hear my lecture tonight and I want to thank the organizers of this event for their diligence and generosity. In particular I would like to publicly thank Dr. Kofi Anyidiho, and Executive Director Moore, the staff and the Board of the DuBois Center for making this occasion possible. I give praise to Nyame, Asase Yaa, and the Nananom nsamanfo for whatever clarity I am able to share with you.

I shall begin my lecture with a conclusion: Until an African leader publicly acknowledges, honors and prays to an African God, we Africans will continue to be viewed as pathetic imitators of others, never having believed in ourselves.

So powerful is the concept of religion when we discuss it in connection with civilization that to deny the validity of one's religion is to deny the validity of one's civilization. Indeed to deny one's religion as valid is to suggest that the person is a pagan, a heathen, uncivilized, and beyond the sphere of humanity. So to talk about religion is to talk about our views of ourselves, our understanding of our ancestors, and our love of our culture.

To establish my argument that we have a crisis in civilization because we have a crisis in religion I will make several points dealing with the themes of tradition, history, religion, and human action

Traditions

There are no people without traditions and traditions are the lifeblood of a people. A people who refuse to express its love and appreciation for its ancestors will die because in traditions, if you are not expressing your own, you are participating in and expressing faith in someone else's ancestors. No person is devoid of an attachment to some cultural fountain. Whose water are we drinking

Our African history has been a recent orgy of forgetfulness. We have often lost our memories and accepted the gods of those who enslaved and colonized us. This is something the Chinese and the Indians have fought hard to keep at bay. While we have often embraced our enemies gods they have found those gods to be anathema to their interests. Show me the gods we Africans worship and I will show the extent of our moral and ethical decay

Those who speak to us of Christian or Islamic morals have often been the very ones who had defiled our ancestors' memories and called out sacred rites paganism. Malcolm X once said that the world pushes the African around because we give the impression that we are chumps, not champs, but chumps, weaklings, falling over ourselves to follow other people rather than our own traditions

The distribution of religion represents the distribution of power. African distribution is minimal and exists in a few places in the diaspora like Brazil, Haiti, Jamaica and the American South. The religion that people practice is based on the influences that have captured their imaginations. In the American South and the Caribbean and in South America one will often find the Yoruba religion. It is Africa's most powerful religious export to the Americas, but this is still a minimal influence when one considers the fact that others have imposed their religions on us and we have accepted the imposition often without a fight from our traditional leaders. Indeed our traditional religious leaders have often been hijacked by the material goods offered by the purveyors of these migrating gods

History

The great African pharaoh, Menes, united the two lands (TAWY) bringing 42 clans or nomes under one government around 3100 B.C. By this time already Africans had formulated the first human response to the unknown. If anything we knew God befor anyone else, not because we were wiser but because we were first to be civilized

If you take any of the scientific reports we know that the first hominids were from Africa. Australopithecus afarensis is 4,200,000 years old and Australopithecus ramidus, 3,800,000. When Richard Johnason discovered Dinqnesh, later called Lucy, by the Europeans, he claimed to have found the earliest example of a hominid in Ethiopia. Until 75,000 years ago all humans were black. Did they have an appreciation for the Almighty? Did they formulate a response to the unknown? Of course they did; they were human and human before anyone else

Our ancestors brought forth the first civilizations and gave the world the oldest organized cosmological explanations. Thus, Ra as Ptah, Atum, Amen, Khepera, Khnum - the many names of the one, the Supreme, created Shu and Tefnut, air and moisture, Geb and Nut, earth and sky. Then came Ausar, Auset, Nebhet, and Set. Ausar was killed by his brother Set and Auset put him back together with the assistance of her sister, Nebhet and her son, Heru, who avenged his father by killing Set. This is the story of good over evil. The purpose was to create Maat, balance, harmony, justice, righteousness, reciprocity, order. These are the key concepts in any ethical system and the fact that they emerged first in the Nile Valley of Africa suggests that other ideas, related to these ideas, found their way into the very practices and beliefs of our people throughout the continent. The deliberate attempt by the European to separate Africans from the classical civilizations of the Nile is one of the biggest falsifications in history. Only when we reclaim our history will we be able to see that the origins of many religious ideas are African. How is it that the parent has become the child

Thus, not only do we have the earliest emergence of God, we have the first ethnical principles, reinforced by proverbs, and refined in the oral and artistic traditions of our narratives

The ancient name of Egypt was Kemet and it was the culmination of classical Africa's achievements in science, art, architecture, medicine, astronomy, geometry, and religion. The Greeks honored the Africans as the originators of the science and art practiced by the Greeks themselves. It would be the Europeans of the 15th through 19th centuries that wouild try to divorce Europe from its African origin and deny Africa any role in civilizing the world

The early Greek historian, Herodotus claims that nearly all of the Greek gods came from Africa. We know that the Greeks worshipped Imhotep as Aesclepius, the God of Medicine, and that the name Athens, Athena, is from Aten.

When Constantine in 325 A.D. took ideas from African spirituality and created a control mechanism at Council of Nicea he was trying to organize a system for using African spiritual ideas. The early Christian church had to deal with the fact that Christians had used many African ideas, the son of God, eternal life, and the resurrection, in their religion. The sad fact is that since we have forgotten so much we do not know that we are the originators of religion.

The abandonment of our history, indeed the abandonment of our gods, the gods of our ancestors, have brought us deep into the quagmire of misdirection, mis-orientation and self pity. When the missionariesforbade our shrines and punished us in the Americas when we called the names of our gods and sounded our mighty drums they were looking for the Pavlovian reaction they finally got in millions of Africans: African is bad, it is inferior, it is pagan, it is heathen. We often hear others cursing our ancestors in ways the Chinese, the Lebanese and the British > would never allow. Why is this? Are we truly shamed by our military defeat? Can we no longer think about how right our ancestors were in exploring human nature and positing ways to combat the unknown? Cannot > we create new forms out of the old mold or must we throw away the mold?

What would be anymore pagan than the wanton willful destruction of millions of Africans, Jews, Native Americans, and Chinese by Christians Europeans? How could white men pray to a god on the second floor of a slave dungeon while on the first floor they held our ancestors, yours and mine, in horrible bondage? What kind of religion denied our humanity at the same time they were raping our women, brutalizing our children, and demanding our wealth and our souls?

It is true that the idea of Christian names or Muslim names promotes and > advances those cultures. Why must you change your name even if you chose to buy into a foreign religion? What is wrong with your name? Any religion that asks you to do what others do not have to do is asking you > to abandon your mother. The question is, why would you abandon your mother?

Religion in General

What is religion but the deification of ancestors, the making sacred of traditions within the context and history. How can we honor any god who was used against us? The only people who accept alien gods are defeated people all others honor and accept their own name for the Almighty. We must learn to appreciate ourselves and our traditions. What is wrong with the African God?

What would we think of a Yoruba who accepted Chinese ancestors as his own? We would find it quite interesting and wonder how it came to be. But what of Africans' acceptance of others' gods? Is there no tradition with these alien gods? Of course there is tradition with these gods! To accept the Jews' god or the Arabs' god or the Hindu's god and so forth is to valorize those histories above your own. Indeed, it is to honor the names in those myths and stories higher than your own stories, it is to love the language, the places in their stories above your own. Why is Mecca, Rome, or Jerusalem more sacred that Bosumtwi? Quite simply, it is imperialism, not by force of arms, but by force of religion which sometimes comes armed.

Joel Kotkin's Tribes - a book about people ready for the 21st Century claims that only Jews, Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and British are ready. These groups have some commonalities which include (1) strong sense of identity, (2) international network, and (3) a passion for technology.

He does not include any African community or ethnic group. In fact, he believes that the African people were best organized under the leadership of Marcus Garvey who believed that Africans were not only > capable of achieving without the whites; Africans had to achieve without whites in order to be seen as fully participating in the drama of history. Kwame Nkrumah believed in much the same idea.

Samuel Huntington's The Clash of Civilizations claims that there are six major civilizations: Chinese, Japanese, Orthodox, Hindu, Western, Islamic. He says each one has a nation that is vanguard, deeply committed to its religion and history. Africa has no such vanguard nation and furthermore Africa has yet to emerge from under the cloaks of its interventionists. Of 53 nations only one nation is more African in religion than either Christian or Muslim. That nation is small Benin.

Benin is 87% popular traditional African Religion. But it is a small nation with limited influence in a propaganda fashion. As such we do not expect African traditional religion to play a major part in the civilization of Africa for a long time to come, but we can begin to examine the questions, to raise the issues, and to interrogate our practices.

Let me explore African Religion with you to provide some common understanding.

African Religion

In the first place it is important that we call popular traditional African Religion everywhere by a common acronym, Ptare. This means that Akan, Yoruba, Igbo, Zulu and Shona are the same religion with different branches. Just as Christians may be Baptists, Methodists, and Catholics, and just as Muslims may be Mourrides, Sunni, or Shiities. There is no difference in speaking of Ptare as one religion and speaking of Christianity or Islam as one religion. I believe that Popular Traditional African Religion everywhere (Ptare) is as old as civilization, indeed, it is much older than either Christianity or Islam. The major characteristics of Ptare are found in all of the traditions from East to West and from North to South. The fact that we have often misunderstood the legacy we have inherited is not the fault of those who left it; it is our fault for preferring the oppressors' legacy over that of our own ancestors. The characteristics of Ptare include: Creator God Domicile of Gods - Presence, Shrine Priest/Priestess of God; Devotee of God - medium (Noc??) Herbalist - Pharmacist Psychiatrist - mental harmonizer Diviner - scientist, Hunter's/explorers

All ritual in Ptare seek a return to Maat. Everything is one - we are a part of the whole and nothing is disconnected from the Almighty. That is why we recognize Mother Earth as well as Nyame. What Europe sees and teaches as limitations in Ptare are really advantages: No vast interpretative literary corpus to say what is and what is not - Ptare's interpretations are often dependent on a multitude of situations that demand attention. No concentration on the material manifestations of the God's house. All temples started as shrines and from the shrine place people build other edifices. Buildings should have some historical or religious significance.

Advantages of Ptare

The ethical principles are more conducive to community, not so geared toward individualism. Some religions demonstrate their power by showing what they can build but this is only a matter of financial not moral wealth. Are you more civilized because you can build a nuclear bomb? We must not be impressed by the things which can be created because we are human and have the same capacity and can create the same things out of our own minds. But our African gods do not advance destruction. They have never been gods of death, but of life.

The material manifestations of religion are not the wisest standard of how good god is unless your god is money. The new religions seem to bring schools and hospitals but we have always had those institutions without calling them by those names. Now it is time that the practitioners of Ptare explain the interrelationship of the traditions of ordinary life in the context of institutions. Our entire existence is religion. Our shrines are sacred places on sacred land given by the ancestors. Our health is interconnected to our spirituality.

We Africans have always believed in a supreme deity whether the name was Nyame, Oludumare, Abasi, Nkulunkulu, Woyengi, Chukwu, Mawu and Lisa. This is true although others have said we did not. They have confused a lot of us.

When the white missionaries translated the bible in our languages, they asked our ancestors for the name of the Almighty and they used the names our ancestors had always used for the Almighty and then told us that we did not have a belief in the Supreme.

But we now know that our priests were no less wise in their observations than the Greek sophists, the Hebrew prophets, the Arab ulema, or the Chinese literati.

Our ancestors believed in pluralism without hierarchy --- many expressions of God without saying mine is right, or the only one, and yours is bad, pagan, and heathen. Perhaps had we done that we would have stopped the alien religions at the shore, but we are the world's first humanists and we allowed others to come with their goods and their gods.

They came with a political ideology in the name of religion. It was imperialism. Imperialism brings destruction, obliteration. How could we fall for it for so long? The introduction of a book or a gun caused us to lose our footing, to stumble on our way, to denounce our fathers and mothers.

There are no other people on the earth who have had to denounce their ancestors in order to become better people. Is it because our ancestors are so strong that we are forced to denounce them before our conquerors? This is one thing you shall never find me doing because I know too much about my African contribution to history.

Contributions of Ptare

The first naming of the divine, netcher, god, or netcheru divinity from which some say the English word nature is ultimately derived. The first trinity: Ausar, Auset, Heru which has been repeated by Amen, Mut, Khonsu and then God, the father, God the son, God the holy pirit. The Christians took out the mother who represented Auset -and gave Christians a virgin Mary, but she was no god. Asase Yaa is Mother Earth, but no one can have a son without a mother. The first idea of a son of god or a daughter of God. Sa Ra or Sat Ra. The first black stone altars - long before the Kaaba was revealed at Mecca.

The first example of the resurrection from the dead Ausar. This is also where we find that the Neb Ankh - Lord of Life was not a sarcophagus, that is, not a flesh eater, but something that spoke of life. The name of god Amen now used by others in their prayers. The idea that your good should outweigh your evil, that your soul should be lighter than a feather, that perfection is not what is sought after, but overwhelming goodness. The complementarity of males and females, different roles but not subjugation, Mawu and Lisa, male and female - Auset and Ausar, complementarity. The first records of ancestors' wisdom. The books of Ptahhotep, Kagemni, Duauf The idea of heaven and earth, Nut , Geb, Auset is called, Lady of Heaven Here in Africa humans have prayed to God longer than on any other continent. When the pyramids were finished, Europe had given the world not one organized civilization, even Asia was just stirring. Just look at a broad chronology: 2500 B.C. - The African people along the river valleys of the eastern highlands floated stones down the Nile to help monuments to God. 2500 Hsia Dynasty rises in China 2200 BC. Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro were found in India 800 BC Homer is the first voice of the Greeks 500 Romans come to power in Europe. 639 A.D. Arabs are able to cross into Africa with force under General El As from Arabia-Yemen Africans made the idea of the beautiful and the good one world nfr - nefer Ptare gave the world its first ethical system: Maat - balance, harmony, justice, righteousness, reciprocity, order - Maat was the only major deity without priesthood since all were priests of Maat. The idea of eternal life - Ankh neheh was African The first libations, offerings and burning of incense as ritual forms The ten commandments were preceded by the 42 confessions in the Egyptian Book of the Dead or more accurately the Egyptian Book of the Coming Forth By Day. Ptare gave the idea of collective and communal salvation rather than a rampant individualism which says save me and the rest of the world go to hell.

The Future

All futures are made by human beings. But the begin with consciousness which precedes Afrocentricity. A few days ago I walked into a Kumasi restaurant and found that I could get Ghanaian food only by pre-arranged request. But western food was immediately available. Imported. Are African Gods only on request? We determine this by how we live. The Wolof and Senegal say wood may remain in water for ten years but it will not become a crocodile. We live Africa by living its tried and true values and customs this is a credit to our gods. Almost all of the disarray in Africa can be traced to the disruption of the traditional religion. In fact, one can go from country to country and find that the cause of the problems can be laid at the feet of alien civilizations. This is not a wild statement; it is based on deep reflection and study. I believe in the African gods and believe that just as we have exported our cultural forms in music, art and science, the world needs a more sane and sensible ethic.

What Must Be Done?

We must talk honestly to our elders --- those who have not abandoned the traditions - consult the priests, learn from them, and discover the source of our problems. Remove all images of a white Jesus. This is not correct even if one is Christian. The historical Jesus had be black in color despite the missionaries' attempt to paint him English and Swedish. We must believe that our names are as sacred as Arabic or European names. We must understand that when others extend their values, religion and institutions they are penetrating our traditions with the poison of alien power that teaches us to hate ourselves and to love our oppressors. Meanwhile, they never follow the prescriptions they leave for us. We must enhance the economic, political and military power of African states because a lack of such power creates self doubt, identity crisis, and a search for the material gods of the west who seem to produce these things. But spirit is greater if we use it and we can only use it if we practice. We need boldness from our leaders to accomplish this transformation. The British called Harry Lee the best Englishman east of the British Isles when he finished Oxford. He changed his name, converted to Confucianism and they wondered what happened to him. He learned Mandarin Chinese and became Lee Kuan Yew, a leader who rejected Western values. Asians are calling for Confucianism as they emphasize tradition. The Japanese are calling for Nihonjinron, Japanese values. Why must we be stuck with the attitudes and values of the European, so-called Christian values, particularly since they have shown themselves to be bankrupt on many fronts. We can achieve our aims not so much by modernizing African traditions as Africanizing modernity itself. We are the modern people. Our ecological values, relationships values, respect for others values are the keys to the future.

Conclusions

I recognize that humans cannot advance without answering some basic questions like, Who Am I? Why am I here? What is the purpose of existence? Who are we as humans, Africans, Ghanaians, Gas, Ewe, Guans, Akans, African Americans? Religion provides compelling answers and often small communities of others who believe like we do. African deities and the Almighty God of Africa do that for us. They give us identity and direction. We are the children of the Supreme God sustained by our ancestral connections, formed to glorify the best values of Maat, encouraged to assume responsibility for each other in a community of consciousness. Failure to do this is a deviation, an abomination and we can only re-connect through rites of ablution--- making, doing or sacrificing time, money, energy in the name and interest of Africa. The concept of the gift is the idea, not what we give. This may change given education, science, sensibility, scarcity, etc., but we need to sacrifice for Africa. But our God must not be one of exploitation, egocentrism, conservatism and westernization. If so, we shall go to hell. We must create our African personality and identity in art, dance, medicine, education, science, and religion and if we cannot do it here in the land of Okomfo Anokye, Nkrumah and Du Bois, then it cannot be done in Africa. If we do not do it here in the land of Yaa Asantewaa, then we can never be the hope of the hopeless. If Africa cannot find its way, then I fear the prospects of the world. But Africa will rise to throw off the vestiges of mental enslavement and there shall be rejoicing among the Nananom nsamanfo. The ancestors will say: Rejoice! Rejoice! Let the Gods of Africa Rejoice!

Note:
Molefi Kete Asante is the author of 42 books, more than 200 articles, the father of Afrocentricity, and the creator of the first doctoral program in African American Studies.

*Source: American Religious Identification Survey by the Graduate Center of the City University of New York

The current New Yorker (1/21/02) also has an article ("Lives of the > Saints") that cites some vastly different growth rates and overallnumbers apparently self-reported by the Mormons and Southern Baptists ("During the past thirty years, the number of its [Mormon] adherents in the United States has increased by nearly two hundred and twenty-five per cent to more than five million, (In the same period the ranks of Southern Baptists, the other fast-growing major denominations in the country, have swelled forty per cent, to sixteen million.")).

Whatever the true numbers, I am not exactly enthused about either of these groups. Each has a past history of racism, which it has cleaned up a bit officially, although such attitudes tend to linger on through subsequent generations. Each is anti-gay. Each tends to subordinate women in varying ways and degrees. Each is withholding in its disposition towards social services. The Mormons have their own internal welfare system and, thus, are prone to reject publicly funded and directed ones. Faith-based programs, needless to say, would seem to be right up their alleys. But probably "faith-based" allocations will remain a bone of contention, as such religious groups are intensely competitive and prone to attack each other's authenticity.

As one with theological training, I am a total skeptic about the general authenticity of both of these religions, which tend to make it up as they go along. For instance the present article in the New Yorker on the Latter Day Saints, while it has a number of snide things to say, does not point out that the religion, or at least the Book of Mormon, was apparently based on a relatively obscure penny dreadful novel from which its founder Joseph Smith presumably cribbed his story line. The Mormons, as I have personally encountered them, are generally no better nor worse than most people. They are clannish. And G-d forbid that a relative, as is the case with one of mine, is converted by them, as one then becomes the target for conversion -- in this life OR in the next. The Mormons believe in baptism after death and have carried out, according to the current article, some 200 million posthumous baptisms including such notables as Buddha, Shakespeare, Einstein, Elvis, and all the deceased popes. They are very tough on both their dissenters and women. The Southern Bapists are less centralized and a bit more diverse in disposition.

For those not familiar with American religious history, the US has been a fertile source of made up or made over religions. The traditional Protestant traditions were transplanted to this country, often with a great deal of intellectual sophistication built into their theologies. However, in the 19th century divisions within these traditions between the so-called "old lights" (intellectual) and "new lights" (highly emotional) versions opened up and were further exacerbated by the Civil War. "Born agains" are the product of the latter's emotivism and are free wheeling in their quick changes in doctrine, practice, and prejudices.

As the New Yorker article indicates the older and established churches are fading away for the most part -- hurried along by internal scandals and such that hit the media periodically. One could see when I was studying theology mid century that American religion was dying. The "death of G-d" theologians put the official lid on this decline. Most of those studying theology with me departed to other careers in public service or academic fields. There are some fundamental humanistic values left behind for most of us, I think. And I am accused on occasion of preaching -- guilty as charged. But institutional religion in America must now be held suspect for its financial scams and tendency to encourage the worst of human instincts and prejudices -- particularly the revenge impulse that has so discredited our criminal justice system and may be fueling our present disposition to 'punish' enemies out there -- real or imagined.

Be wary of religious fundamentalism -- and particularly those brands practiced by super powers. There are some good people who believe, but many more employ their religions as a shield for their prejudices -- or worse.

Ed Kent 718-951-5324 (voice mail only)
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TheBlackList - "The New Negro World" Satisfying the African Need to Know

BLACK AFRICANS OF ANCIENT EGYPT WROTE THE HOLY BIBLE-AND
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IS HIDING AND SUPPRESSING THIS TRUTH.

African Man and Woman: "And Ye Shall Know The Truth, and The Truth Shall Make You Free." Holy Bible-John 8 : 32. According to a Ghanaian writer and researcher based in the United States of America (USA), Nana Banchie Darkwah, Ph.D., emphatically states this as fact in his book: 'The Africans Who Wrote The Bible-Ancient Secrets Africa and Christianity Have Never Told', Aduana Publishing Co., 2000, P.O. Box 2781, Russellville, AR. 72802, USA. " However, the worst lie and sin of the Church was the premeditated transformation of the racial and ethnic identities of Jesus Christ, his mother and the entire people of the Bible from black people they were to white people to satisfy emerging European racist sentiments against black people"(Nana Banchie Darkwah, ibid. introduction, page i).

First of all, for one to understand the truth of the above statement and accept it as a fact, that Black Africans of Ancient Egypt Wrote The Holy Bible, thus, one must dispel the erroneous notion and fabricated lies that Christian Europe, particularly the Catholic Church, have done in painting the Ancient Egyptians as pagans, heathens and devils. Also, one must understand t